Epinephrine spray formulations

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are epinephrine spray formulations. Also provided herein are methods of treating anaphylaxis by administering epinephrine spray formulations to subjects in need of such treatment.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 16/930,408, filed Jul. 16, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 16/864,183, filed on May 1, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/355,525, filed on Mar. 15, 2019, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/810,261, filed Feb. 25, 2019, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/747,048, filed Oct. 17, 2018, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/712,678, filed Jul. 31, 2018, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/663,100, filed Apr. 26, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/644,834, filed Mar. 19, 2018, which applications are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Epinephrine is a catecholamine that stimulates the α- and β-adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system. Epinephrine binds to these adrenergic receptors leading to relief of many life-threatening symptoms of anaphylaxis (e.g., relaxation of the smooth muscle in the bronchi of the lungs thereby opening up constricted airways, constriction of the blood vessels leading to decreased swelling of the tongue and throat and increasing blood pressure, and increased heart rate thereby preventing or reversing cardiovascular collapse).

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In an aspect provided herein, is a pharmaceutical spray formulation. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation includes from about 0.5% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of epinephrine, in water, wherein the pH of the formulation is from about 4.0 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation includes from about 0.5% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of epinephrine, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation includes from about 0.5% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of epinephrine, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation includes from about 0.5% to about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of epinephrine, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is from about 4.0 to about 6.5.

In one aspect, disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical spray formulation comprising from about 0.5% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of epinephrine, in water, wherein the pH of the formulation is from about 4.0 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 0.5% to about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 2% to about 5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises one or more of an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, or a buffering agent. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, and a buffering agent. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antioxidant. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the antioxidant comprises sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the antioxidant at a concentration from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the antioxidant at a concentration from about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the antioxidant at a concentration from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the antioxidant at a concentration of about 0.05% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antimicrobial preservative. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the antimicrobial preservative comprises chlorobutanol. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the antimicrobial preservative at a concentration from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the antimicrobial preservative at a concentration from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the antimicrobial preservative at a concentration from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the antimicrobial preservative at a concentration of about 0.21% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an isotonicity agent. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an isotonicity agent comprises sodium chloride. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an isotonicity agent at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 5%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an isotonicity agent at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an isotonicity agent at a concentration of about 0.4%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an absorption enhancer. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the absorption enhancer comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the absorption enhancer at a concentration from about 0.05% to about 15%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the absorption enhancer at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 5%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the absorption enhancer at a concentration of about 1%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a viscosity modifier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the viscosity modifier comprises hypromellose. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the viscosity modifier at a concentration from about 0.001% to about 0.5%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the viscosity modifier at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 0.2%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the viscosity modifier at a concentration of about 0.1%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a buffering agent. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the buffering agent comprises citric acid or citric acid monohydrate. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the buffering agent at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 2%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the buffering agent at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the buffering agent at a concentration of about 0.42%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite, sodium chloride, hypromellose, citric acid monohydrate, and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about T % to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.00010% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1% sodium chloride, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.1% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1% sodium chloride, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.1% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.10% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1% sodium chloride, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.1% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.10% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1% sodium chloride, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.1% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1% sodium chloride, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.1% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration about 0.21% (w/v). In another aspect, disclosed herein is a spray, comprising droplets, wherein the droplets comprise a pharmaceutical spray formulation described herein. In another aspect, disclosed herein is a method of treating anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction, and/or bronchial constriction, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a pre-primed device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein: the device is adapted for nasal delivery; a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered; and the pharmaceutical solution comprises a pharmaceutical spray formulation described herein. In another aspect, disclosed herein is a method of treating anaphylaxis- or anaphylactic shock-induced respiratory depression or distress, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a pre-primed device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof in a manner that delivers the pharmaceutical solution in a round spray plume with an ovality ratio less than about 2.0 when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the pre-primed device, wherein: the device is adapted for nasal delivery; a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered; and the pharmaceutical solution comprises a pharmaceutical spray formulation described herein. In another aspect, disclosed herein is a method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein: the device is adapted for nasal delivery; a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered; and the pharmaceutical solution comprises a pharmaceutical spray formulation described herein. In some embodiments, a therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is achieved in less than 20 minutes following administration to the subject. In some embodiments, the therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is about 0.5 ng/mL of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the subject has a maximum plasma concentration (C_(max)) of from about 0.1 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the area under a plasma concentration-time curve of epinephrine in the subject is from about 0.1 ng·h/mL to about 5 ng·h/mL. In some embodiments, the plasma concentration versus time curve of epinephrine in the subject has a t_(max) of less than from about 10 minutes to about 120 minutes In some embodiments, the device is a single-dose device. In some embodiments, the device is a bi-dose device. In some embodiments, the device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. In some embodiments, the device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. In some embodiments, less than about 20% of the formulation leaves the nasal cavity via drainage into the nasopharynx or externally. In some embodiments, a single spray in a nostril of the subject yields a plasma concentration of at least 0.2 ng/mL within 2 minutes in the subject. In another aspect, disclosed herein is a stable pharmaceutical spray formulation, comprising: from about 1% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water; and one or more excipients, vehicles, emulsifiers, stabilizing agents, preservatives, mucosal adhesives, antibacterial agents, buffers, and/or other additives, wherein the formulation is stable at a temperature of at least about 20° C. and at a relative humidity of at least about 30%, and wherein the formulation is stable for a period of at least about two months, wherein the stable pharmaceutical formulation is a pharmaceutical spray formulation disclosed herein.

In an aspect provided herein, is a method of treating anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction, and/or bronchial constriction, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical spray formulation described herein. In some embodiments, the subject is an adult. In some embodiments, the subject is a child. In some embodiments, the child weighs from about 10 lbs to about 80 lbs.

In an aspect provided herein, is a spray including droplets. In the spray, the droplets include in aggregate from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, an isotonicity agent, and benzalkonium chloride or chlorobutanol. In some embodiments, the spray contains from about 0.005% to about 10% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride or from about 0.005% to about 10% (w/v) chlorobutanol. In some embodiments provided herein, is a spray, comprising droplets, wherein the droplets comprise in aggregate from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, an isotonicity agent, and from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride or from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v) chlorobutanol. In some embodiments, the spray is delivered from a device. In some embodiments, the device is a single-dose device. In some embodiments, the device is a bi-dose device. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the spray is delivered from a device, wherein the device is pre-primed. In some embodiments, the isotonicity agent is present in a concentration from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 5% (w/v). In some embodiments, the isotonicity agent is sodium chloride. In some embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 2.0. In some embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.5. In some embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.3. In some embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.2. In some embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.1. In some embodiments, the ovality ratio is measured at a distance of from about 1 cm to about 10 cm from the device. In some embodiments, the ovality ratio is measured at a distance of from about 1 cm to about 5 cm from the device. In some embodiments, the ovality ratio is measured at a distance of about 3 cm from the device. In some embodiments, the epinephrine is at least 10% bioavailable. In some embodiments, the epinephrine is at least 40% bioavailable. In some embodiments, the epinephrine is at least 50% bioavailable. In some embodiments, the epinephrine is at least 60% bioavailable. In some embodiments, the median droplet size is from about 10 μm to about 120 μm. In some embodiments, no more than about 10% of the droplets have a diameter less than about 10 μm. In some embodiments, no more than approximately 5% of the droplets have a diameter less than about 10 μm. In some embodiments, no more than approximately 2% of the droplets have a diameter less than about 10 μm. In some embodiments, approximately 50% of the droplets have a diameter of from about 10 μm to about 120 μm. In some embodiments, approximately 50% of the droplets have a diameter of from about 10 μm to about 60 m. In some embodiments, approximately 90% of the droplets have a diameter less than about 120 μm. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises a stabilizing agent and an acid. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises a stabilizing agent and an acid, wherein the stabilizing agent is disodium edetate. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises a stabilizing agent and an acid. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises a stabilizing agent and an acid, wherein the acid is hydrochloric acid or citric acid, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is dissolved in water, ethanol, or propylene glycol, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the spray further comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w). In some embodiments, the spray further comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the spray further comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the spray further comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.005% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the spray further comprises a vasodilator. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises a vasodilator, wherein the vasodilator is nitroprusside, phentolamine, or nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises a permeability enhancer. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises a permeability enhancer, wherein the permeability enhancer is diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises a viscosity modifier. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises a permeability enhancer, wherein the viscosity modifier is polyethylene glycol, methylcellulose, or hypromellose. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises trisodium citrate or citric acid monohydrate. In some embodiments, the spray is delivered from a device, wherein the device comprises at least one oxygen absorber or scavenger. In some embodiments, the spray is delivered from a device, wherein the device comprises at least one oxygen absorber or scavenger, and wherein the at least one oxygen absorber or scavenger is iron, ferrous carbonate, ascorbate, or sodium bicarbonate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the spray comprises per 100 μL of solution: from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; from about 0.1 mg to about 2 mg sodium chloride; from about 0.01 mg to about 1 mg benzalkonium chloride; from about 0.1 mg to about 2 mg disodium edetate; and hydrochloric acid or citric acid, or a combination thereof sufficient to achieve a pH of from about 3.5 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the spray is delivered from a spray nozzle of a pre-primed device, and wherein no more than about 10% of the droplets have a diameter less than 10 μm. In some embodiments, the spray is measured by laser diffraction with beams measuring at both 3 cm and 6 cm from the spray nozzle.

In another aspect provided herein, is a stable pharmaceutical spray formulation where the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable for a period of at least about two months at a temperature of at least about 20° C. and at a relative humidity of at least about 30%. The stable pharmaceutical spray formulation includes:

-   -   (i) from about 1% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine, or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol,         propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; and     -   (ii) one or more excipients, vehicles, emulsifiers, stabilizing         agents, preservatives, mucosal adhesives, antibacterial agents,         buffers, and/or other additives, wherein the formulation is         stable at a temperature of at least about 20° C. and at a         relative humidity of at least about 30%, and wherein the         formulation is stable for a period of at least about two months.         In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation         comprises from about 1% to about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments,         the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable at a temperature         of at least about 25° C. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical         spray formulation is stable at a temperature of at least about         30° C. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation         is stable at a temperature of at least about 35° C. In some         embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable at a         temperature of at least about 40° C. In some embodiments, the         pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable at a temperature of         at least about 45° C. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical         spray formulation is stable at a relative humidity of at least         about 40%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray         formulation is stable at a relative humidity of at least about         50%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation         is stable at a relative humidity of at least about 60%. In some         embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable at a         relative humidity of at least about 70%. In some embodiments,         the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable at a relative         humidity of at least about 80%. In some embodiments, the         pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable for a period of at         least about six months. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical         spray formulation is stable for a period of at least about 12         months. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray         formulation is stable for a period of at least about 18 months.         In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is         stable for a period of at least about 24 months. In some         embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable for         a period of at least about 36 months. In some embodiments, the         pharmaceutical spray formulation has a viscosity of from about         100 to about 2,500 cP. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical         spray formulation is adapted for parenteral dosing. In some         embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is adapted for         dosing by inhalation. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical         spray formulation is adapted for intranasal dosing. In some         embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further         comprises an isotonicity agent present in a concentration from         about 0.1% (w/w) to about 5% (w/w). In some embodiments, the         pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises an         isotonicity agent present in a concentration from about 0.1%         (w/w) to about 5% (w/w), wherein the isotonicity agent is sodium         chloride. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray         formulation comprises a stabilizing agent. In some embodiments,         the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a stabilizing         agent, wherein the stabilizing agent is disodium edetate. In         some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further         comprises an acid sufficient to achieve a pH of from about 3.5         to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray         formulation further comprises an acid sufficient to achieve a pH         of from about 3.5 to about 6.5, wherein the acid is hydrochloric         acid or citric acid, or a combination thereof. In some         embodiments, the spray further comprises sodium bisulfite at a         concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) or         sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001%         (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the         pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises sodium         bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to         about 0.05% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of         from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w). In some         embodiments, the spray further comprises sodium bisulfite at a         concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) or         sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001%         (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the spray         further comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from         about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at         a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w).         In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation         further comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about         0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the         pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises a         vasodilator. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray         formulation further comprises a vasodilator, wherein the         vasodilator is nitroprusside, phentolamine, or nifedipine. In         some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further         comprises a permeability enhancer. In some embodiments, the         pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises a         permeability enhancer, wherein the permeability enhancer is         diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the         pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises a viscosity         modifier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray         formulation further comprises a viscosity modifier, wherein the         viscosity modifier is polyethylene glycol, methylcellulose, or         hypromellose. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray         formulation further comprises trisodium citrate or citric acid         monohydrate. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray         formulation comprises from about 1% to about 20% w/w of         epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from         about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium         metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from         about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to         about 2.0% trisodium citrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15%         diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the         pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1% to         about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable         salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w) of         sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% sodium         chloride, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from         about 0.10% to about 1.0% trisodium citrate, and from about         0.10% to about 2.0% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some         embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from         about 5% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically         acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.05%         (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1.0%         sodium chloride, from about 0.05% to about 0.5% hypromellose,         from about 0.1% to about 1.0% trisodium citrate, and from about         0.5% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether In some         embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises         about 2.4% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable         salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about         0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7%         trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl         ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation         comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically         acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium         metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1%         hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 1%         diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the         pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 10% w/w of         epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,         about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium         chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate,         and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some         embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises         about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable         salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about         0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7%         trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl         ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation         comprises from about 1% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.00010%         (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about         0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about         0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2.0% citric acid         monohydrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol         monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray         formulation comprises about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of         sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1%         hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1%         diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the         pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of         epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,         about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium         chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid         monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In         some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further         comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.05%         (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical         spray formulation is delivered from a device. In some         embodiments, the device is a single-dose device. In some         embodiments, the device is a bi-dose device. In some         embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from         about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation.         In some embodiments, the device delivers two sprays of the         pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. In some         embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing         from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical         formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL         to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some         embodiments, the device delivers one spray of the pharmaceutical         solution from the first reservoir and one spray of the         pharmaceutical solution from the second reservoir. In some         embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered         from a device, wherein the device is pre-primed. In some         embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered         from a device, wherein the device is suitable for delivering the         formulation into the nostril of a subject. In some embodiments,         the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered from a device,         wherein the device comprises at least one oxygen absorber or         scavenger. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray         formulation is delivered from a device, wherein the device         comprises at least one oxygen absorber or scavenger, and wherein         the at least one oxygen absorber or scavenger is iron, ferrous         carbonate, ascorbate, or sodium bicarbonate, or a combination         thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray         formulation is delivered as a spray. In some embodiments, the         spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio         less than about 2.0. In some embodiments, the spray takes the         shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about         1.5. In some embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round         plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.3. In some         embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an         ovality ratio less than about 1.2. In some embodiments, the         spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio         less than about 1.1. In some embodiments, the ovality ratio is         measured at a distance of from about 1 cm to about 10 cm from         the device. In some embodiments, the ovality ratio is measured         at a distance of from about 1 cm to about 5 cm from the device.         In some embodiments, the ovality ratio is measured at a distance         of about 3 cm from the device. In some embodiments, the         epinephrine is at least 10% bioavailable. In some embodiments,         the epinephrine is at least 40% bioavailable. In some         embodiments, the epinephrine is at least 50% bioavailable. In         some embodiments, the epinephrine is at least 60% bioavailable.         In some embodiments, the median droplet size is from about 10 μm         to about 120 μm. In some embodiments, no more than about 10% of         the droplets have a diameter less than about 10 m. In some         embodiments, no more than approximately 5% of the droplets have         a diameter less than about 10 μm. In some embodiments, no more         than approximately 2% of the droplets have a diameter less than         about 10 μm. In some embodiments, approximately 50% of the         droplets have a diameter of from about 10 μm to about 120 μm. In         some embodiments, approximately 50% of the droplets have a         diameter of from about 10 μm to about 60 μm. In some         embodiments, approximately 90% of the droplets have a diameter         less than about 120 μm.

Provided herein is a method of treating anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction, and/or bronchial constriction. The method includes delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof where:

-   -   (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery;     -   (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is         delivered; and     -   (iii) the pharmaceutical solution comprises from about 0.5 mg to         about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable         salt thereof, an isotonicity agent, and from about 0.005% (w/v)         to about 1% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride. In some embodiments,         the device is a single-dose device. In some embodiments, the         device is a bi-dose device. In some embodiments, the device has         a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL         of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the         device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a         single reservoir. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a         first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of         the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing         from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical         formulation. In some embodiments, the device delivers one spray         of the pharmaceutical solution from the first reservoir and one         spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the second reservoir.         In some embodiments, the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically         acceptable salt thereof, is dissolved in water, ethanol,         propylene glycol, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments,         the isotonicity agent is present in a concentration of from         about 0.2% (w/v) to about 1.2% (w/v). In some embodiments, the         pharmaceutical solution further comprises from about 0.1% (w/v)         to about 0.5% (w/v) of a stabilizing agent. In some embodiments,         the pharmaceutical solution further comprises an amount of an         acid sufficient to achieve a pH of from about 3.5 to about 6.5.         In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution further         comprises an amount of an acid sufficient to achieve a pH of         from about 3.5 to about 6.5, wherein the acid is hydrochloric         acid or citric acid, or a combination thereof. In some         embodiments, the isotonicity agent is sodium chloride, the         stabilizing agent is disodium edetate, and the acid is         hydrochloric acid or citric acid, or a combination thereof. In         some embodiments, the plasma concentration versus time curve of         epinephrine in the subject has a t_(max) of less than from about         10 minutes to about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, a         therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject         is achieved in less than 20 minutes following administration to         the subject. In some embodiments, a therapeutic plasma         concentration of epinephrine in the subject is achieved in less         than 15 minutes following administration to the subject. In some         embodiments, a therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine         in the subject is achieved in less than 10 minutes following         administration to the subject. In some embodiments, a         therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject         is achieved in less than 5 minutes following administration to         the subject. In some embodiments, the therapeutic plasma         concentration of epinephrine in the subject is about 500 pg/mL         of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the therapeutic plasma         concentration of epinephrine in the subject is about 450 pg/mL         of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the therapeutic plasma         concentration of epinephrine in the subject is about 400 pg/mL         of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the therapeutic plasma         concentration of epinephrine in the subject is about 350 pg/mL         of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the therapeutic plasma         concentration of epinephrine in the subject is about 300 pg/mL         of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the subject has a maximum         plasma concentration (C_(max)) of from about 50 pg/mL to about         500 pg/mL of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the area under a         plasma concentration-time curve of epinephrine in the subject is         from about 5 ng/minute/mL to about 50 ng/minute/mL. In some         embodiments, the device comprises a plunger that houses a         container closure comprising:     -   (i) a vial comprising an opening;     -   (ii) a cannula; and     -   (iii) a rubber stopper;         wherein the stopper is configured to occlude the opening of the         vial, and wherein the cannula is configured such that the         cannula can pierce the stopper when the plunger applies         sufficient force to the cannula. In some embodiments, the spray         delivers from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments,         the pre-primed device is actuatable with one hand. In some         embodiments, the pre-primed device has a single reservoir         containing approximately 125 μL of the pharmaceutical solution.         In some embodiments, approximately 100 μL of the pharmaceutical         solution is delivered by one actuation of the device. In some         embodiments, the volume of the reservoir is not more than about         140 μL. In some embodiments, delivery time of the pharmaceutical         solution is less than about 25 seconds. In some embodiments,         delivery time of the pharmaceutical solution is less than about         20 seconds. In some embodiments, less than about 20% of the         pharmaceutical solution leaves the nasal cavity via drainage         into the nasopharynx or externally. In some embodiments, less         than about 10% of the pharmaceutical solution leaves the nasal         cavity via drainage into the nasopharynx or externally. In some         embodiments, less than about 5% of the pharmaceutical solution         leaves the nasal cavity via drainage into the nasopharynx or         externally. In some embodiments, the subject is suffering from a         severe allergic reaction from exposure or suspected exposure to         an allergen. In some embodiments, the allergen is food,         medication, or an insect bite or sting. In some embodiments, the         subject exhibits one or more symptoms chosen from: respiratory         depression or distress, airway constriction, wheezing, tingling         hands, feet, mouth, or scalp, shortness of breath, swelling or         inflammation of the face, eyes, lips, tongue, or throat, hives,         central nervous system depression, cardiovascular depression,         altered level consciousness, mydriatic pupils, hypoxemia,         hypotension, unresponsiveness to stimulus, unconsciousness,         stopped breathing, erratic or stopped pulse, and vomiting. In         some embodiments, the subject exhibits respiratory depression or         distress, or cardiovascular depression. In some embodiments, the         subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at         least about 1 hour following treatment comprising delivery of         the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments,         the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for         at least about 2 hours following treatment comprising delivery         of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments,         the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for         at least about 4 hours following treatment comprising delivery         of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments,         the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for         at least about 6 hours following treatment comprising delivery         of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments,         the subject is in a lying, supine, or recovery position. In some         embodiments, a single spray in the nostril yields a plasma         concentration of ≥0.2 ng/mL within 2.5 minutes in the subject.         In some embodiments, a single spray in the nostril yields a         plasma concentration of ≥1 ng/mL within 5 minutes in the         subject. In some embodiments, a single spray in the nostril         yields a plasma concentration of ≥3 ng/mL within 10 minutes in         the subject.

In an aspect provided herein, is a method of treating anaphylaxis- or anaphylactic shock-induced respiratory depression or distress, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a pre-primed device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof in a manner that delivers the pharmaceutical solution in a round spray plume with an ovality ratio less than about 2.0 when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the pre-primed device, wherein:

-   -   (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery;     -   (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is         delivered; and     -   (iii) the pharmaceutical solution comprises from about 0.5 mg to         about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable         salt thereof, an isotonicity agent, and from about 0.005% (w/v)         to about 1% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride. In some embodiments,         the device is a single-dose device. In some embodiments, the         device is a bi-dose device. In some embodiments, the device has         a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL         of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the         device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a         single reservoir. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a         first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of         the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing         from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical         formulation. In some embodiments, the device delivers one spray         of the pharmaceutical solution from the first reservoir and one         spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the second reservoir.         In some embodiments, the ovality ratio is less than about 1.5.         In some embodiments, the ovality ratio is less than about 1.3.         In some embodiments, the ovality ratio is less than about 1.2.         In some embodiments, the ovality ratio is less than about 1.1.         In some embodiments, the ovality ratio of the spray is measured         at a distance from about 1 cm to about 5 cm from the device.

In another aspect provided herein, is a method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein:

-   -   (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery;     -   (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is         delivered; and         the pharmaceutical solution comprises from about 0.5 mg to about         100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt         thereof, an isotonicity agent, and from about 0.005% (w/v) to         about 1% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride. In some embodiments,         the device is a single-dose device. In some embodiments, the         device is a bi-dose device. In some embodiments, the device has         a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL         of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the         device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a         single reservoir. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a         first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of         the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing         from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical         formulation. In some embodiments, the device delivers one spray         of the pharmaceutical solution from the first reservoir and one         spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the second reservoir.         In some embodiments, the subject is an adult. In some         embodiments, the subject is a child. In some embodiments, the         child weighs from about 10 lbs to about 80 lbs.

In another aspect provided herein, is a method of treating anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction, and/or bronchial constriction, comprising administering or delivering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical spray formulation described herein. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is administered or delivered into a nostril of the subject from a pre-primed device adapted for nasal delivery. In some embodiments, a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered. In some embodiments, the plasma concentration versus time curve of epinephrine in the subject has a t_(max) of less than from about 10 minutes to about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the subject has a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of from about 50 pg/mL to about 500 pg/mL of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the area under a plasma concentration-time curve of epinephrine in the subject is from about 5 ng/minute/mL to about 50 ng/minute/mL. In some embodiments, the pre-primed device is actuatable with one hand. In some embodiments, the pre-primed device has a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. In some embodiments, approximately 100 μL of the pharmaceutical solution is delivered by one actuation of the device. In some embodiments, the volume of the reservoir is not more than about 140 μL. In some embodiments, delivery time of the pharmaceutical solution is less than about 25 seconds. In some embodiments, delivery time of the pharmaceutical solution is less than about 20 seconds. In some embodiments, less than about 20% of the pharmaceutical solution leaves the nasal cavity via drainage into the nasopharynx or externally. In some embodiments, less than about 10% of the pharmaceutical solution leaves the nasal cavity via drainage into the nasopharynx or externally. In some embodiments, less than about 5% of the pharmaceutical solution leaves the nasal cavity via drainage into the nasopharynx or externally. In some embodiments, the subject is suffering from a severe allergic reaction from exposure or suspected exposure to an allergen. In some embodiments, the allergen is food, medication, or an insect bite or sting. In some embodiments, the subject exhibits one or more symptoms chosen from: respiratory depression or distress, airway constriction, wheezing, tingling hands, feet, mouth, or scalp, shortness of breath, swelling or inflammation of the face, eyes, lips, tongue, or throat, hives, central nervous system depression, cardiovascular depression, altered level consciousness, mydriatic pupils, hypoxemia, hypotension, unresponsiveness to stimulus, unconsciousness, stopped breathing, erratic or stopped pulse, and vomiting. In some embodiments, the subject exhibits respiratory depression or distress, or cardiovascular depression. In some embodiments, the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 1 hour following treatment comprising delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 2 hours following treatment comprising delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 4 hours following treatment comprising delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 6 hours following treatment comprising delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the subject is in a lying, supine, or recovery position. In some embodiments, a single spray in the nostril yields a plasma concentration of ≥0.2 ng/mL within 2.5 minutes in the subject. In some embodiments, a single spray in the nostril yields a plasma concentration of ≥1 ng/mL within 5 minutes in the subject. In some embodiments, a single spray in the nostril yields a plasma concentration of ≥3 ng/mL within 10 minutes in the subject.

In another aspect provided herein, is a method of treating anaphylaxis- or anaphylactic shock-induced respiratory depression or distress, comprising administering or delivering to a subject in need thereof a spray formulation described herein from a pre-primed device into a nostril of the subject in a manner that delivers the formulation in a round spray plume with an ovality ratio less than about 2.0 when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the pre-primed device, wherein:

-   -   (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery; and     -   (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is         delivered.         In some embodiments, the ovality ratio is less than about 1.5.         In some embodiments, the ovality ratio is less than about 1.3.         In some embodiments, the ovality ratio is less than about 1.2.         In some embodiments, the ovality ratio is less than about 1.1.         In some embodiments, the ovality ratio of the spray is measured         at a distance from about 1 cm to about 5 cm from the device.

In another aspect provided herein, is a method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, comprising administering or delivering to a subject in need thereof the pharmaceutical spray formulation described herein from a device into a nostril of the subject, wherein:

-   -   (iii) the device is adapted for nasal delivery; and     -   (iv) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is         delivered.         In some embodiments, the subject is an adult. In some         embodiments, the subject is a child. In some embodiments, the         child weighs from about 10 lbs to about 80 lbs.

In another aspect provided herein, is a device as described herein, wherein the device comprises: at least one processor, an operating system configured to perform executable instructions, a memory, and a computer program including instructions executable by the digital processing device to create an application comprising:

-   -   a) a software module sending a first notification to a portable         device of a user when the device has been triggered for         formulation administration;     -   b) a software module sending a second notification to a second         device of a designated third party when the device has been         triggered for formulation administration;     -   c) a software module sending a third notification to the         portable device of the user when the device is outside a         predetermined range from the portable device;     -   d) a software module sending a fourth notification to the second         device of the designated third party when the device is outside         the predetermined range from the portable device;     -   e) a software module collecting geographic data of the device         when the device is in administration to the user or a second         user;     -   f) a software module saving geographic data of the device to a         remote or cloud database; and     -   g) a software module allowing the user or the second user to         order a new device using the device or the portable device of         the user.

In some embodiments, the portable device or the second device comprises one or more of: a computer, a notebook computer, a handheld computer, a mobile smartphones, a tablet computer, and a personal digital assistant. In some embodiments, the device further comprises a communications element configured to allow two-way data communication with the portable device of the user and a digital processing device using a wireless data transfer protocol. In some embodiments, the first, second, third, or fourth notification is sent within the application. In some embodiments, the first, second, third, or fourth notification is automatic. In some embodiments, the first, second, third, or fourth notification comprises one or more of: text, graphic information, sound, and vibration.

In another aspect of the methods described herein, the method comprises;

-   -   a) sending a first notification to a portable device of a user         when the device has been triggered for formulation         administration;     -   b) sending a second notification to a second device of a         designated third party when the device has been triggered for         formulation administration;     -   c) sending a third notification to the portable device of the         user when the device is outside a predetermined range from the         portable device;     -   d) sending a fourth notification to the second device of the         designated third party when the device is outside the         predetermined range from the portable device;     -   e) collecting geographic data of the device when the device is         in administration to the user or a second user;     -   f) saving geographic data of the device to a remote or cloud         database; and     -   g) allowing the user or the second user to order a new device         using the device or the portable device of the user.

In another aspect provided herein, is a method of treating anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction, and/or bronchial constriction, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a pre-primed device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein: the device is adapted for nasal delivery, a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered, and the pharmaceutical solution comprises the pharmaceutical spray formulation described herein.

In another aspect provided herein, is a method of treating anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction, and/or bronchial constriction, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a pre-primed device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein: the device is adapted for nasal delivery, a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered, and the pharmaceutical solution comprises the pharmaceutical spray formulation described herein.

In an aspect provided herein, is a method of treating anaphylaxis- or anaphylactic shock-induced respiratory depression or distress, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a pre-primed device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof in a manner that delivers the pharmaceutical solution in a round spray plume with an ovality ratio less than about 2.0 when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the pre-primed device, wherein: the device is adapted for nasal delivery, a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered, and the pharmaceutical solution comprise the pharmaceutical spray formulation described herein.

In another aspect provided herein, is a method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein: the device is adapted for nasal delivery, a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered, and the pharmaceutical solution comprise the pharmaceutical spray formulation described herein.

In an aspect provided herein, is a stable pharmaceutical spray formulation, comprising: from about 1% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water; and one or more excipients, vehicles, emulsifiers, stabilizing agents, preservatives, mucosal adhesives, antibacterial agents, buffers, and/or other additives, wherein the formulation is stable at a temperature of at least about 20° C. and at a relative humidity of at least about 30%, and wherein the formulation is stable for a period of at least about two months, wherein the stable pharmaceutical formulation is the pharmaceutical spray formulation described herein.

In another aspect, disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical spray formulation, comprising: (i) from about 1% to about 25% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; and (ii) one or more of an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, or a buffering agent; wherein the formulation is configured to be administered into a nostril of a subject as a nasal spray that yields a plasma concentration of at least 0.5 ng/mL within 1 minute of administration. In some embodiments, the pH of the formulation is from about 4.0 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the antioxidant comprises sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration from about 0.010% to about 0.10% (w/w). In some embodiments, the antimicrobial preservative comprises chlorobutanol or chlorobutanol hemihydrate at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the isotonicity agent comprises sodium chloride at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier comprises hypromellose at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 0.2% (w/w). In some embodiments, the buffering agent comprises citric acid or citric acid monohydrate at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% or about 5% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite, sodium chloride, hypromellose, citric acid monohydrate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and chlorobutanol hemihydrate. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w) sodium chloride, from about 0.010% to about 0.2% (w/w) hypromellose, from about 0.10% to about 10% (w/w) citric acid monohydrate, from about 0.1% to about 5% (w/w) diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w) chlorobutanol hemihydrate. In another aspect, disclosed herein is a stable pharmaceutical spray formulation, comprising: (a) from about 1% to about 25% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; and (b) one or more of an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, or a buffering agent; wherein the formulation is stable for a period of at least about one month at a temperature of at least about 20° C. In some embodiments, the formulation is stable for a period of at least one month at a temperature of at least about 40° C. In some embodiments, the formulation has no more than about 2% total impurities after storage for a period of at least about one month at a temperature of at least about 40° C. In some embodiments, the antioxidant comprises sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the antimicrobial preservative comprises chlorobutanol or chlorobutanol hemihydrate at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the isotonicity agent comprises sodium chloride at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the buffering agent comprises citric acid or citric acid monohydrate at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). In another aspect, disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical spray formulation, comprising: (i) from about 1% to about 25% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; and (ii) one or more of an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, or a buffering agent; wherein the absorption enhancer is diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 5% (w/w). In some embodiments, the absorption enhancer comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration of about 1% (w/w).

In another aspect, disclosed herein is a method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical spray formulation from a nasal spray device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises: (a) from about 1% to about 25% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof, and (b) one or more of an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, or a buffering agent; wherein the formulation is configured to be administered into a nostril of a subject as a nasal spray that yields a plasma concentration of at least 0.5 ng/mL within 1 minute of administration. In some embodiments, the subject is suffering from a severe allergic reaction from exposure or suspected exposure to an allergen. In some embodiments, the allergen is food, medication, or an insect bite or sting. In some embodiments, the subject exhibits one or more symptoms chosen from: respiratory depression or distress, airway constriction, wheezing, tingling hands, feet, mouth, or scalp, shortness of breath, swelling or inflammation of the face, eyes, lips, tongue, or throat, hives, central nervous system depression, cardiovascular depression, altered level consciousness, mydriatic pupils, hypoxemia, hypotension, unresponsiveness to stimulus, unconsciousness, stopped breathing, erratic or stopped pulse, and vomiting. In some embodiments, the subject exhibits respiratory depression or distress, or cardiovascular depression. In some embodiments, the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 1 hour following delivery of the pharmaceutical spray formulation. In some embodiments, the antioxidant comprises sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the antimicrobial preservative comprises chlorobutanol or chlorobutanol hemihydrate at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the isotonicity agent comprises sodium chloride at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier comprises hypromellose at a concentration from about 0.010% to about 0.2% (w/w). In some embodiments, the buffering agent comprises citric acid or citric acid monohydrate at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% or about 5% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite, sodium chloride, hypromellose, citric acid monohydrate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and chlorobutanol hemihydrate. In another aspect, disclosed herein is a method of treating at least one of anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction, or bronchial constriction, comprising administering or delivering to a subject in need thereof a stable pharmaceutical spray formulation, wherein the stable pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises: (a) from about 1% to about 25% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; and (b) one or more of an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, or a buffering agent; wherein the formulation is stable for a period of at least about one month at a temperature of at least about 20° C. In some embodiments, the formulation is stable for a period of at least one month at a temperature of at least about 40° C. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises no more than 2% total impurities after storage for a period of at least about one month at a temperature of at least about 40° C. In another aspect, disclosed herein is a method of treating at least one of anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction, or bronchial constriction, comprising administering or delivering to a subject in need thereof the pharmaceutical spray formulation, wherein the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises: (c) from about 1% to about 25% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; and (d) one or more of an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, or a buffering agent; wherein a therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is achieved in less than 15 minutes following administration to the subject. In some embodiments, the absorption enhancer is diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 5% (w/w). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration of about 1% (w/w).

In another aspect, disclosed herein is a bi-dose nasal delivery device adapted for delivery of a pharmaceutical solution into a nostril of a subject, comprising: (a) the pharmaceutical solution configured as a pharmaceutical spray formulation comprising from about 1% to about 25% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; (b) a reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution; and wherein the bi-dose device is configured to administer the pharmaceutical solution into a nostril of a subject as two nasal sprays. In some embodiments, the device is a pre-primed device that is configured to be actuatable with one hand. In some embodiments, the device is configured to deliver about 100 μL of the pharmaceutical solution from the reservoir upon each actuation of the device. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical solution is from about 4.0 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, one or more sprays take the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 2.0. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises an antioxidant. In some embodiments, the antioxidant comprises sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises an antimicrobial preservative. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial preservative comprises chlorobutanol or chlorobutanol hemihydrate at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises an isotonicity agent. In some embodiments, the isotonicity agent comprises sodium chloride at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises a viscosity modifier. In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier comprises hypromellose at a concentration from about 0.010% to about 0.2% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises a buffering agent. In some embodiments, wherein the buffering agent comprises citric acid or citric acid monohydrate at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 2% or about 5% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another aspect, disclosed herein is a pre-primed device adapted for delivery of a pharmaceutical solution into one or both nostrils of a subject, comprising a reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution, wherein the pharmaceutical solution comprises: (a) from about 1% to about 25% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; and (b) one or more of an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, or a buffering agent; wherein the pre-primed device is configured to administer the pharmaceutical solution as one or more sprays into one or both nostrils of the subject. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration from about 0.10% to about 5% (w/w). In another aspect, disclosed herein is a bi-dose device adapted for delivery of a pharmaceutical solution into one or both nostrils of a subject, comprising a reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution, wherein the pharmaceutical solution comprises: (a) from about 1% to about 25% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; and (b) one or more of an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, or a buffering agent; wherein the pharmaceutical solution is stable for a period of at least about one month at a temperature of at least about 20° C. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution is stable for a period of at least about three months at a temperature of at least about 20° C.

In another aspect, disclosed herein is a method of administering a pharmaceutical solution, comprising delivering a spray of the pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof in a manner that delivers the pharmaceutical solution in a round spray plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.4 when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the device, wherein: (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery; (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered; and (iii) the pharmaceutical solution comprises from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray plume has a particle size distribution with a span of no more than about 2.2 when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the device. In some embodiments, the spray plume has a Dmax of less than about 28 mm when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the device. In some embodiments, the device is a bi-dose device configured to deliver two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. In some embodiments, the device comprises a plunger that houses a container closure comprising: (i) a vial comprising an opening; (ii) a cannula; and (iii) a rubber stopper; wherein the stopper is configured to occlude the opening of the vial, and wherein the cannula is configured such that the cannula can pierce the stopper when the plunger applies sufficient force to the cannula. In some embodiments, the device is a pre-primed device that is configured to be actuatable with one hand. In some embodiments, a delivery time of the pharmaceutical solution is less than about 25 seconds. In some embodiments, the subject is suffering from a severe allergic reaction from exposure or suspected exposure to an allergen. In some embodiments, the allergen is food, medication, or an insect bite or sting. In some embodiments, the subject exhibits one or more symptoms chosen from: respiratory depression or distress, airway constriction, wheezing, tingling hands, feet, mouth, or scalp, shortness of breath, swelling or inflammation of the face, eyes, lips, tongue, or throat, hives, central nervous system depression, cardiovascular depression, altered level consciousness, mydriatic pupils, hypoxemia, hypotension, unresponsiveness to stimulus, unconsciousness, stopped breathing, erratic or stopped pulse, or vomiting. In some embodiments, the subject exhibits respiratory depression or distress, or cardiovascular depression. In some embodiments, the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 1 hour following treatment comprising delivery of a therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another aspect, disclosed herein is a method of administering a pharmaceutical solution, comprising delivering a spray of the pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof in a manner that delivers the pharmaceutical solution in a spray plume with a particle size distribution having a span of no more than about 2.2 when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the device, wherein: (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery; (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered; and (iii) the pharmaceutical solution comprises from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the particle size distribution has a span of no more than about 2.0 when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the device. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. In some embodiments, the device is a bi-dose device configured to deliver two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. In another aspect, disclosed herein is a method for administering a pharmaceutical solution, comprising delivering a spray of the pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof in a manner that delivers the pharmaceutical solution in a spray plume with a Dmax of less than about 28 mm when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the device, wherein: (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery; (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered; and (iii) the pharmaceutical solution comprises from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the device is a bi-dose device configured to deliver two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution. In some embodiments, the Dmax is less than about 26 mm when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the device.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present subject matter will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments and the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 depicts plasma concentrations of epinephrine in dogs dosed with 5 mg in a single nostril of a formulation described in Example 3 (Formulation 2) versus plasma concentrations of epinephrine in dogs dosed with EpiPen Adult (0.3 mg/mL).

FIG. 2 depicts plasma concentrations of epinephrine in dogs dosed with 10 mg in a single nostril of a formulation described in Example 3 (Formulation 2) versus plasma concentrations of epinephrine in dogs dosed with EpiPen Adult (0.3 mg/mL).

FIG. 3 shows a diagram of a congestion test system.

FIG. 4 shows the results of epinephrine inhibition of histamine induced nasal congestion.

FIG. 5 shows a chart of individual heart rates for beagles exposed to histamine and treated with epinephrine.

FIG. 6 shows a chart of individual heart rates for beagles exposed to saline (control) and treated with epinephrine.

FIG. 7 shows a chart of mean heart rates comparing exposure to histamine and saline.

FIG. 8 shows plasma epinephrine concentration profiles over time for individual animals within group 1.

FIG. 9 shows plasma epinephrine concentration profiles over time for individual animals within group 2.

FIG. 10 shows group average epinephrine concentration profiles over time for the two study groups.

FIGS. 11A-11C show Student's t-test comparing: A) AUC, B) C_(max), and C) T_(max) between two study groups.

FIG. 12 shows pre- and post-dose plasma levels of epinephrine in CSF.

FIG. 13 shows mean heart rates over time before and after 4 mg epinephrine dose compared to baseline for SD29-30 for the overall study (intranasal administration).

FIG. 14 shows mean heart rates over time before and after 5 mg epinephrine dose compared to baseline for SD29-30 for the overall study (intranasal administration).

FIG. 15 shows mean heart rates over time before and after 0.3 mg epinephrine dose compared to baseline for SD29-30 for the overall study (intramuscular administration).

FIG. 16 shows individual plasma concentration-time profiles comparing animals treated with epinephrine via intranasal administration and animals treated with epinephrine via intramuscular injection.

FIG. 17 shows an illustrative diagram of a nasal spray delivery device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Provided herein are, for example, pharmaceutical spray formulations of epinephrine for treating anaphylaxis. Also provided herein are, for example, methods of treating anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, and/or a severe allergic reaction, or at least one symptom thereof.

I. Definitions

The abbreviations used herein have their conventional meaning within the chemical and biological arts. The chemical structures and formulae set forth herein are constructed according to the standard rules of chemical valency known in the chemical arts.

The terms “about” or “approximately” as used herein, when referring to a numerical value or range, allow for a degree of variability in the value or range, for example, within 10%, or within 5% of a stated value or of a stated limit of a range.

The term “actuation,” as used herein, refers to operation of the device such that the pharmaceutical composition is delivered therefrom.

The term “AUC,” as used herein, refers to the area under the drug (e.g., epinephrine) plasma concentration-time curve. The term “AUC_(0-t),” as used herein, refers to the area under the drug plasma concentration-time curve from t=0 to the last measurable concentration. The term “AUC_(0-∞),” as used herein, refers to the area under the drug plasma concentration-time curve extrapolated to ∞.

The term “bioavailability (F),” as used herein, refers to the fraction of a dose of drug (e.g., epinephrine) that is absorbed from its site of administration and reaches, in an unchanged form, the systemic circulation. The term “absolute bioavailability” is used when the fraction of absorbed drug is related to its I.V. bioavailability. It may be calculated using the following formula:

$F = {\frac{{AUC}_{extravascular}}{{AUC}_{intravenous}} \times \frac{{Dose}_{intravenous}}{{Dose}_{extravascular}}}$

The term relative bioavailability (F_(rel)) is used to compare two different extravascular routes of drug administration and it may be calculated using the following formula:

$F_{rel} = {\frac{{AUC}_{{extravascular}1}}{{AUC}_{{extravascular}2}} \times \frac{{Dose}_{{extravascular}2}}{{Dose}_{{extravascular}1}}}$

The term “clearance (CL),” as used herein, refers to the rate at which a drug is eliminated divided by its plasma concentration, giving a volume of plasma from which drug is completely removed per unit of time. CL is equal to the elimination rate constant (λ) multiplied by the volume of distribution (V_(d)), wherein “V_(d)” is the fluid volume that would be required to contain the amount of drug present in the body at the same concentration as in the plasma. The term “apparent clearance (CL/F),” as used herein, refers to clearance that does not take into account the bioavailability of the drug. It is the ratio of the dose over the AUC.

The term “C_(max),” as used herein, refers to the maximum observed plasma concentration.

The term “coefficient of variation (CV),” as used herein, refers to the ratio of the sample standard deviation to the sample mean. It is often expressed as a percentage.

The term “confidence interval,” as used herein, refers to a range of values which will include the true average value of a parameter a specified percentage of the time.

The term “device,” as used herein, refers to an apparatus capable of delivering a drug to patient in need thereof.

The term “delivery time,” as used herein, refers to the amount of time that elapses between a determination made by a healthcare professional, or an untrained individual that an individual is in need of nasal delivery of epinephrine and completion of the delivery.

The term “elimination rate constant (λ),” as used herein, refers to the fractional rate of drug removal from the body. This rate is constant in first-order kinetics and is independent of drug concentration in the body. λ is the slope of the plasma concentration-time line (on a logarithmic y scale). The term “λ_(z),” as used herein, refers to the terminal phase elimination rate constant, wherein the “terminal phase” of the drug plasma concentration-time curve is a straight line when plotted on a semi-logarithmic graph. The terminal phase is often called the “elimination phase” because the primary mechanism for decreasing drug concentration during the terminal phase is drug elimination from the body. The distinguishing characteristic of the terminal elimination phase is that the relative proportion of drug in the plasma and peripheral volumes of distribution remains constant. During this “terminal phase” drug returns from the rapid and slow distribution volumes to the plasma, and is permanently removed from the plasma by metabolism or renal excretion.

The term “epinephrine,” as used herein, refers to a compound of the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. The CAS registry number for epinephrine is 51-43-4. Other names for epinephrine include, but are not limited to, (R)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl)benzene-1,2-diol and adrenaline.

The term “nostril,” as used herein, is synonymous with “naris.”

The terms “permeation enhancer”, “permeability enhancer”, “absorption enhancer”, and “penetration enhancer,” as disclosed herein, are intended to be equivalent, all four referring to an agent which aids in delivering and/or increasing bioavailability and C_(max) of a compound through a mucosal barrier, such as through the nasal mucosa. Permeation or absorption enhancers suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, caprylic acid, oleic acid, polysorbate 80, menthol, EDTA, sodium edetate, cetylpyridinium chloride, sodium lauryl sulfate, citric acid, sodium desoxycholate, sodium deoxyglycolate, glyceryl oleate, L-lysine, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, α- β- or γ-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, phosphatidylcholine, and combinations thereof. In some cases, the absorption enhancer comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some cases, use of absorption enhancers can reduce T_(max). In some cases, use of absorption enhancers decreases the time within which a given plasma concentration of the active ingredient is achieved following administration. Absorption enhancers may be used to increase the AUC of the active ingredient.

The term “stabilizer” and “stabilizing agent” are intended to be equivalent and refer to a chemical that is used to prevent degradation. Examples of stabilizers or stabilizing agents include, but are not limited to, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ascorbic acid, methionine, sodium ascorbate, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, ascorbyl palmitate, thioglycerol, alpha tocopherol (vitamin E), cysteine hydrochloride, citric acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (“EDTA”), sodium citrate, propyl gallate, 8-hydroxyquinoline, boric acid, histidine, vitamin A, and combinations thereof.

The term “viscosity modifier” refers to a product or combination of products designed to change the thickness or texture of pharmaceutical ingredients or formulations. Viscosity modifiers can include such products as thickeners, texturizers, gelation agents and stiffening agents. Examples of viscosity modifiers include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol, methylcellulose, hypromellose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (“HPMC”), methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, glycerin, polyvinyl alcohol, xanthan gum, chitosan, alginate, and combinations thereof.

Solvents suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, water, ethanol, glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400 and combinations thereof.

The term “pre-primed,” as used herein, refers to a device, such as a nasal spray which is capable of delivering a pharmaceutical composition to a patient in need thereof with the first actuation of the spray pump, i.e., without the need to prime the pump prior to dosing, such as by actuating the pump one or more times until a spray appears.

The term “recovery position,” as used herein, means a position of the human body in which a patient lies on his/her side, with a leg or knee out in front (e.g., to prevent rolling onto his/her stomach) and at least one hand supporting the head (e.g., to elevate the face to facilitate breathing and prevent inhalation of vomit).

The term “storage-stable,” as used herein, refers to a pharmaceutical composition in which at least about 95%—for example at least about 99.5%—of the active ingredient remains in an undegraded state after storage of the pharmaceutical composition at specified temperature and humidity for a specified time, for example, for 12 months at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity.

The term “supine,” as used herein, refers to a patient who is lying face up.

The term “t_(1/2)” or “half-life,” as used herein, refers to the amount of time required for half of a drug to be eliminated from the body or the time required for a drug concentration to decline by half.

The terms “tonicity agent” and “isotonicity agent” as used herein are interchangeable and refer to a compound which modifies the osmolality of a formulation, for example, to render it isotonic. Tonicity agents include, but are not limited to, dextrose, lactose, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sorbitol, sucrose, mannitol, trehalose, raffinose, polyethylene glycol, hydroxyethyl starch, glycine and the like.

The term “t_(max),” as used herein, refers to the time from administration of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein to maximum drug plasma concentration.

Liquid nasal formulations are mainly aqueous solutions, but suspensions and emulsions can also be delivered. In traditional spray pump systems, antimicrobial preservatives are typically required to maintain microbiological stability in liquid formulations.

The droplet size distribution of a nasal spray influences the in vivo deposition of the drug in the nasal cavity. The droplet size is influenced by the actuation parameters of the device and the formulation. In some embodiments, the median droplet size is from about 30 to about 100 μm.

If the droplets are too large (e.g., greater than about 120 μm), deposition takes place mainly in the anterior parts of the nose, and if the droplets are too small (e.g., less than about 10 μm), they can possibly be inhaled and reach the lungs.

Spray characterization (e.g., plume geometry, spray pattern, pump delivery, droplet size distribution, DSD) of the delivered plume subsequent to spraying may be measured under specified experimental and instrumental conditions by appropriate and validated and/or calibrated analytical procedures known in the art. These include photography, laser diffraction, and impaction systems (cascade impaction, next generation impaction (NGI), etc.). Droplet size distribution can be controlled in terms of ranges for the D10, D50, D90, span [(D90-D10)/D50], and percentage of droplets less than 10 mm. In some embodiments, the formulation will have a narrow DSD. In some embodiments, the formulation will have a Dv(50) of 30-70 μm and a Dv(90)<120 μm. The particle diameter “(D)” designations refer to the representative diameter where 10% (D10), 50% (D50) and 90% (D90) of the total volume of the liquid sprayed is made up of droplets with diameters smaller than or equal to the stated value. The spray characteristics can refer to a mean (average) or median value collected for a plurality of sprays. The plurality of sprays can be at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 or more sprays.

All percent compositions are given as weight-percentages, unless otherwise stated.

All average molecular weights of polymers are weight-average molecular weights, unless otherwise specified.

As used herein, “subject” or “patient” (as in the subject of the treatment) means both mammals and non-mammals. Mammals include, for example, humans; non-human primates, e.g. apes and monkeys; and non-primates, e.g. dogs, cats, cattle, horses, sheep, and goats. Non-mammals include, for example, fish and birds. Terms “subject” and “patient” are synonymous and refer, but are not limited to, a person that is experiencing type I allergies including anaphylaxis. “Patient” or “subject in need thereof” refers to a living organism suffering from or prone to a disease or condition that can be treated by administration of a pharmaceutical composition as provided herein. In some embodiments, a patient is human.

The terms “disease,” “disorder,” or “condition” are used interchangeably and refer to a state of being or health status of a patient or subject capable of being treated with the compounds or methods provided herein. The disease may be anaphylaxis. The disease may be a severe allergic reaction, and the like. The disease may be a cancer. The disease may be an autoimmune disease. The disease may be an inflammatory disease. The disease may be an infectious disease.

As used herein, “type I reactions,” type I allergies,” and “severe allergic reactions” are used interchangeably (i.e., immediate hypersensitivity reactions) and refer to the involvement of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells and basophils. Examples include, but are not limited to, anaphylaxis, an anaphylactic reaction, anaphylactic shock and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Severe allergic reactions are caused by allergens. Non-limiting examples of allergens include an insect bite (for example a bee sting), medication (for example an antibiotic such as a penicillin), food (such as eggs, nuts, or shellfish), and a chemical (for example latex).

As used herein, “free of propellant” refers to a formulation that is not administered using compressed gas.

The terms “spray” and “mist” are used interchangeably herein and refer to liquid (e.g., a formulation for intranasal administration) that is blown or driven through the air in the form of drops or droplets.

As used herein, all numerical values relating to amounts, weights, and the like, that are defined as “about” or “approximately” each particular value is plus or minus 10%. For example, the phrase “about 10% w/w” is to be understood as “9% w/w to 110% w/w.” Therefore, amounts within 10% of the claimed value are encompassed by the scope of the claims.

As used herein “% w/w” and “percent w/w” refer to the percent weight of the total formulation.

As used herein the term “effective amount” refers to the amount necessary to treat a patient in need thereof.

The terms “treating” or “treatment” refer to any indicia of success in the therapy or amelioration of an injury, disease, pathology or condition, including any objective or subjective parameter such as abatement; remission; diminishing of symptoms or making the injury, pathology or condition more tolerable to the patient; slowing in the rate of degeneration or decline; making the final point of degeneration less debilitating; improving a patient's physical or mental well-being. The treatment or amelioration of symptoms can be based on objective or subjective parameters; including the results of a physical examination, neuropsychiatric exams, and/or a psychiatric evaluation. The term “treating” and conjugations thereof, may include prevention of an injury, pathology, condition, or disease. In some embodiments, treating is preventing. In some embodiments, treating does not include preventing. In some embodiments, “treat,” “treating,” or “treatment” refer to ameliorating or inhibiting symptoms of type I allergies including anaphylaxis.

“Treating” or “treatment” as used herein (and as well-understood in the art) also broadly includes any approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results in a subject's condition, including clinical results. Beneficial or desired clinical results can include, but are not limited to, alleviation or amelioration of one or more symptoms or conditions, diminishment of the extent of a disease, stabilizing (i.e., not worsening) the state of disease, prevention of a disease's transmission or spread, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, diminishment of the reoccurrence of disease, and remission, whether partial or total and whether detectable or undetectable. In other words, “treatment” as used herein includes any cure, amelioration, or prevention of a disease. Treatment may prevent the disease from occurring; inhibit the disease's spread; relieve the disease's symptoms (e.g., throat or tongue swelling, itchy rash, shortness of breath, low blood pressure, inflammation, bronchoconstriction, etc.), fully or partially remove the disease's underlying cause, shorten a disease's duration, or do a combination of these things.

“Treating” and “treatment” as used herein include prophylactic treatment. Treatment methods include administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein. The administering step may consist of a single administration or may include a series of administrations. The length of the treatment period depends on a variety of factors, such as the severity of the condition, the age of the patient, the concentration of the compound, the activity of the compositions used in the treatment, or a combination thereof. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of an agent used for the treatment or prophylaxis may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment or prophylaxis regime. Changes in dosage may result and become apparent by standard diagnostic assays known in the art. In some instances, chronic administration may be required. For example, the compositions are administered to the subject in an amount and for a duration sufficient to treat the patient.

The term “prevent” refers to a decrease in the occurrence of disease symptoms in a patient. As indicated above, the prevention may be complete (no detectable symptoms) or partial, such that fewer symptoms are observed than would likely occur absent treatment. In some embodiments, prevent refers to slowing the progression of the disease, disorder or condition or inhibiting progression thereof to a harmful or otherwise undesired state.

An “effective amount” is an amount sufficient for a compound to accomplish a stated purpose relative to the absence of the compound (e.g., achieve the effect for which it is administered, treat a disease, reduce enzyme activity, increase enzyme activity, reduce a signaling pathway, or reduce one or more symptoms of a disease or condition). An example of an “effective amount” is an amount sufficient to contribute to the treatment, prevention, or reduction of a symptom or symptoms of a disease, which could also be referred to as a “therapeutically effective amount.” A “reduction” of a symptom or symptoms (and grammatical equivalents of this phrase) means decreasing of the severity or frequency of the symptom(s), or elimination of the symptom(s). A “prophylactically effective amount” of a drug is an amount of a drug that, when administered to a subject, will have the intended prophylactic effect, e.g., preventing or delaying the onset (or reoccurrence) of an injury, disease, pathology or condition, or reducing the likelihood of the onset (or reoccurrence) of an injury, disease, pathology, or condition, or their symptoms. The full prophylactic effect does not necessarily occur by administration of one dose, and may occur only after administration of a series of doses. Thus, a prophylactically effective amount may be administered in one or more administrations. The exact amounts will depend on the purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques (see, e.g., Lieberman, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (vols. 1-3, 1992); Lloyd, The Art, Science and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding (1999); Pickar, Dosage Calculations (1999); and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition, 2003, Gennaro, Ed., Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins). The therapeutically effective amount can be ascertained by measuring relevant physiological effects, and it can be adjusted in connection with the dosing regimen and diagnostic analysis of the subject's condition, and the like.

For any compound described herein, the therapeutically effective amount can be initially determined from cell culture assays. Target concentrations will be those concentrations of active compound(s) that are capable of achieving the methods described herein, as measured using the methods described herein or known in the art.

As is well known in the art, therapeutically effective amounts for use in humans can also be determined from animal models. For example, a dose for humans can be formulated to achieve a concentration that has been found to be effective in animals. The dosage in humans can be adjusted by monitoring compounds effectiveness and adjusting the dosage upwards or downwards, as described above. Adjusting the dose to achieve maximal efficacy in humans based on the methods described above and other methods is well within the capabilities of the ordinarily skilled artisan. Adjusting the dose to achieve maximal therapeutic window efficacy or toxicity in humans based on the methods described above and other methods is well within the capabilities of the ordinarily skilled artisan.

The term “therapeutically effective amount,” as used herein, refers to that amount of the therapeutic agent sufficient to ameliorate the disorder, as described above. For example, for the given parameter, a therapeutically effective amount will show an increase or decrease of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 90%, or at least 100%. Therapeutic efficacy can also be expressed as “-fold” increase or decrease. For example, a therapeutically effective amount can have at least a 1.2-fold, 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 5-fold, or more effect over a control.

Dosages may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the compound being employed. The dose administered to a patient, in the context of the present invention should be sufficient to effect a beneficial therapeutic response in the patient over time. The size of the dose also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side-effects. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill of the practitioner. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under circumstances is reached. Dosage amounts and intervals can be adjusted individually to provide levels of the administered compound effective for the particular clinical indication being treated. This will provide a therapeutic regimen that is commensurate with the severity of the individual's disease state.

As used herein, the term “administering” means administration by inhalation or intranasal administration. The term “intranasal” refers to administration of the composition to any portion of the nasal epithelium.

Administering may also mean oral administration, administration as a suppository, topical contact, intravenous, parenteral, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intralesional, intrathecal, intracranial, or subcutaneous administration, or the implantation of a slow-release device, e.g., a mini-osmotic pump, to a subject. Administration is by any route, including parenteral and transmucosal (e.g., buccal, sublingual, palatal, gingival, nasal, vaginal, rectal, or transdermal). Parenteral administration includes, e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arteriole, intradermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intraventricular, and intracranial. Other modes of delivery include, but are not limited to, the use of liposomal formulations, intravenous infusion, transdermal patches, etc. By “co-administer” it is meant that a composition described herein is administered at the same time, just prior to, or just after the administration of one or more additional therapies (e.g. anti-inflammatory agent). The compound of the invention can be administered alone or can be co-administered to the patient. Co-administration is meant to include simultaneous or sequential administration of the compound individually or in combination (more than one compound or agent). Thus, the preparations can also be combined, when desired, with other active substances (e.g. to reduce metabolic degradation). Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. In some embodiments, the compositions are water or water/propylene glycol solutions. The compositions of the present invention may additionally include components to provide sustained release and/or comfort.

By “co-administer” it is meant that a composition described herein is administered at the same time, just prior to, or just after the administration of one or more additional therapies. The compounds of the disclosure can be administered alone or can be co-administered to the patient. Co-administration is meant to include simultaneous or sequential administration of the compounds individually or in combination (more than one compound).

In some embodiments, co-administration includes administering one active agent within 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24 hours, 2 days, 4 days, 1 week or 1 month of a second active agent. Co-administration includes administering two active agents simultaneously, approximately simultaneously (e.g., within about 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 minutes of each other), or sequentially in any order. In some embodiments, co-administration can be accomplished by co-formulation, i.e., preparing a single pharmaceutical composition including both active agents. In other embodiments, the active agents can be formulated separately. In another embodiment, the active and/or adjunctive agents may be linked or conjugated to one another.

“Anti-inflammatory agent” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning and refers to a composition (e.g. compound, drug, antagonist, inhibitor, modulator) used in any way to reduce inflammation or swelling. In some embodiments, an anti-inflammatory agent is an agent identified herein having utility in methods of treating an inflammatory disease or disorder. In some embodiments, an anti-inflammatory agent is an agent approved by the FDA or similar regulatory agency of a country other than the USA, for reducing swelling and inflammation.

For any compound described herein, the therapeutically effective amount can be initially determined from cell culture assays. Target concentrations will be those concentrations of active compound(s) that are capable of achieving the methods described herein, as measured using the methods described herein or known in the art.

As is well known in the art, therapeutically effective amounts for use in humans can also be determined from animal models. For example, a dose for humans can be formulated to achieve a concentration that has been found to be effective in animals. The dosage in humans can be adjusted by monitoring compounds effectiveness and adjusting the dosage upwards or downwards, as described above. Adjusting the dose to achieve maximal efficacy in humans based on the methods described above and other methods is well within the capabilities of the ordinarily skilled artisan.

Dosages may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the compound being employed. The dose administered to a patient, in the context of the present disclosure should be sufficient to affect a beneficial therapeutic response in the patient over time. The size of the dose also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side-effects. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill of the practitioner. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under circumstances is reached.

Dosage amounts and intervals can be adjusted individually to provide levels of the administered compound effective for the particular clinical indication being treated. This will provide a therapeutic regimen that is commensurate with the severity of the individual's disease state.

Utilizing the teachings provided herein, an effective prophylactic or therapeutic treatment regimen can be planned that does not cause substantial toxicity and yet is effective to treat the clinical symptoms demonstrated by the particular patient. This planning should involve the careful choice of active compound by considering factors such as compound potency, relative bioavailability, patient body weight, presence and severity of adverse side effects, preferred mode of administration and the toxicity profile of the selected agent.

As used herein the term “anaphylaxis” refers to an allergic reaction involving multiple organ systems in a subject upon contact with an allergen whether or not that allergen is identifiable.

As used herein the term “allergen” refers to any chemical capable of causing an immune system response in a subject including, but not limited to, chemicals found in drugs, food, plants, insect bites, and insect stings.

As used herein the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to ingredients that are not biologically or otherwise undesirable for administration to a living subject.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” is meant to include salts of the active compounds that are prepared with relatively nontoxic acids or bases, depending on the particular substituents found on the compounds described herein. When compounds of the present disclosure contain relatively acidic functionalities, base addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired base, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts include sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, organic amino, or magnesium salt, or a similar salt. When compounds of the present disclosure contain relatively basic functionalities, acid addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired acid, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids like hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric, monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric, monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, or phosphorous acids and the like, as well as the salts derived from relatively nontoxic organic acids like acetic, propionic, isobutyric, maleic, malonic, benzoic, succinic, suberic, fumaric, lactic, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic, p-tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric, oxalic, methanesulfonic, and the like. Also included are salts of amino acids such as arginate and the like, and salts of organic acids like glucuronic or galactunoric acids and the like (see, for example, Berge et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts”, Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 1977, 66, 1-19). Certain specific compounds of the present disclosure contain both basic and acidic functionalities that allow the compounds to be converted into either base or acid addition salts.

Thus, the compounds of the present disclosure may exist as salts, such as with pharmaceutically acceptable acids. The present disclosure includes such salts. Non-limiting examples of such salts include hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, sulfates, methanesulfonates, nitrates, maleates, acetates, citrates, fumarates, proprionates, tartrates (e.g., (+)-tartrates, (−)-tartrates, or mixtures thereof including racemic mixtures), succinates, benzoates, and salts with amino acids such as glutamic acid, and quaternary ammonium salts (e.g. methyl iodide, ethyl iodide, and the like). These salts may be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art.

The neutral forms of the compounds are preferably regenerated by contacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in the conventional manner. The parent form of the compound may differ from the various salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents. In some embodiments, compounds of the present disclosure contain both basic and acidic functionalities that allow the compounds to be converted into either base or acid addition salts. The neutral forms of the compounds may be regenerated by contacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in a conventional manner. The parent form of the compounds differs from the various salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but, unless specifically indicated, the salts disclosed herein are equivalent to the parent form of the compound for the purposes of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, epinephrine salts may include citrate, hydrochloride, sulfate, tartrate, phosphate, acetate, malate, maleate, succinate, ascorbate, carbonate, mesylate, and lactate salts. One of skill in the art could use other pharmaceutically acceptable epinephrine salts in the formulations disclosed herein.

In addition to salt forms, the present disclosure provides compounds, which are in a prodrug form. Prodrugs of the compounds described herein are those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide the compounds of the present disclosure. Prodrugs of the compounds described herein may be converted in vivo after administration. Additionally, prodrugs can be converted to the compounds of the present disclosure by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment, such as, for example, when contacted with a suitable enzyme or chemical reagent.

Certain compounds of the present disclosure can exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are encompassed within the scope of the present disclosure. Certain compounds of the present disclosure may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated by the present disclosure and are intended to be within the scope of the present disclosure.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” and “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refer to a substance that aids the administration of a compound to and absorption by a subject and can be included in the compositions of the present disclosure without causing a significant adverse toxicological effect on the patient. Such preparations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents such as lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, coloring, and/or aromatic substances and the like that do not deleteriously react with the compounds of the disclosure. One of skill in the art will recognize that other pharmaceutical excipients are useful in the present disclosure. Examples of preservatives include, but are not limited to, butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, sodium benzoate, chlorobutanol, benzalkonium chloride, benzoic acid and combinations thereof.

It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims.

II. Compositions

In an aspect provided herein, is a pharmaceutical spray formulation. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of epinephrine, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is about 3.5 to about 6.5.

In some aspects, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an active ingredient. In some embodiments, the active ingredient is epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 0.5% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 0.5% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 0.5% to about 10% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1.0% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1.0% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1.0% to about 10% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 2.0% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 2.0% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 2.0% to about 10% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 3.0% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 3.0% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 3.0% to about 10% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 4.0% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 4.0% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 4.0% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 4.0% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 4.0% to about 10% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 5.0% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 5.0% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 5.0% to about 10% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 0.5% to about 5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1.0% to about 5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 2.0% to about 5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 0.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 0.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 1% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 1.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 3% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 3.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 4% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 4.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 6.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 7% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 7.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 8% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 8.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 9% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 9.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 10% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 10.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 110% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 11.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 12% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 12.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 13% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 13.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 14% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 14.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 15% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 15.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 16% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 16.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 17% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 17.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 18% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 18.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 19% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 19.5% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 20% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 21% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 22% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 23% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 24% w/w of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 25% w/w of epinephrine.

In an aspect provided herein, is a stable pharmaceutical spray formulation, comprising:

-   -   (i) from about 1% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine, or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol,         propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; and     -   (ii) one or more excipients, vehicles, emulsifiers, stabilizing         agents, preservatives, mucosal adhesives, antibacterial agents,         buffers, and/or other additives, wherein the formulation is         stable at a temperature of at least about 20° C. and at a         relative humidity of at least about 30%, and wherein the         formulation is stable for a period of at least about two months.

In an aspect provided herein, is a stable pharmaceutical spray formulation, comprising:

-   -   (iii) from about 1% to about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol,         propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; and     -   (iv) one or more excipients, vehicles, emulsifiers, stabilizing         agents, preservatives, mucosal adhesives, antibacterial agents,         buffers, and/or other additives, wherein the formulation is         stable at a temperature of at least about 20° C. and at a         relative humidity of at least about 30%, and wherein the         formulation is stable for a period of at least about two months.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable at a temperature of at least about 25° C. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable at a temperature of at least about 30° C. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable at a temperature of at least about 35° C. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable at a temperature of at least about 40° C. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable at a temperature of at least about 45° C.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable at a relative humidity of at least about 40%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable at a relative humidity of at least about 50%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable at a relative humidity of at least about 60%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable at a relative humidity of at least about 70% In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable at a relative humidity of at least about 80%.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable for a period of at least about six months. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable for a period of at least about 12 months. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable for a period of at least about 18 months. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable for a period of at least about 24 months. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable for a period of at least about 30 months. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stable for a period of at least about 36 months.

Viscosity Modifiers

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a viscosity modifier. Viscosity modifiers can include such products as thickeners, texturizers, gelation agents and stiffening agents. In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier is polyethylene glycol, methylcellulose, hypromellose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (“HPMC”), methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, glycerin, polyvinyl alcohol, xanthan gum, chitosan, alginate, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier is polyethylene glycol. In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier is methylcellulose. In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier is hypromellose. In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier is polyvinylpyrrolidone. In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier is carboxymethyl cellulose. In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier is hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose. In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier is methyl cellulose. In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier is hydroxyethyl cellulose. In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier is glycerin. In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier is polyvinyl alcohol. In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier is xanthan gum. In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier is chitosan. In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier is alginate.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 0.001% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w) of a viscosity modifier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w) of a viscosity modifier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 0.001% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w) of a viscosity modifier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 0.01% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w) of a viscosity modifier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w) of a viscosity modifier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 0.1% (w/w) of a viscosity modifier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises at least about 0.001% (w/w), at least about 0.01% (w/w), or at least about 0.1% (w/w), and/or no more than about 5% (w/w), no more than about 1% (w/w), no more than about 0.5% (w/w), no more than about 0.4% (w/w), no more than about 0.3% (w/w), no more than about 0.2% (w/w), or no more than about 0.1% (w/w) of a viscosity modifier.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a viscosity modifier at a concentration of about 0.001% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a viscosity modifier at a concentration of at least about 0.001% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a viscosity modifier at a concentration of at most about 2% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a viscosity modifier at a concentration of about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.01% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.06% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.07% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.08% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.09% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 1.5% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.06% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.07% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.08% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.09% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 1.5% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.06% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.07% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.08% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.09% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 1.5% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), about 0.06% (w/w) to about 0.07% (w/w), about 0.06% (w/w) to about 0.08% (w/w), about 0.06% (w/w) to about 0.09% (w/w), about 0.06% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.06% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.06% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.06% (w/w) to about 1.5% (w/w), about 0.06% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), about 0.07% (w/w) to about 0.08% (w/w), about 0.07% (w/w) to about 0.09% (w/w), about 0.07% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.07% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.07% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.07% (w/w) to about 1.5% (w/w), about 0.07% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), about 0.08% (w/w) to about 0.09% (w/w), about 0.08% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.08% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.08% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.08% (w/w) to about 1.5% (w/w), about 0.08% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), about 0.09% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.09% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.09% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.09% (w/w) to about 1.5% (w/w), about 0.09% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 1.5% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), about 0.5% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.5% (w/w) to about 1.5% (w/w), about 0.5% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), about 1% (w/w) to about 1.5% (w/w), about 1% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), or about 1.5% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a viscosity modifier at a concentration of about 0.001% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w), about 0.06% (w/w), about 0.07% (w/w), about 0.08% (w/w), about 0.09% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.5% (w/w), about 1% (w/w), about 1.5% (w/w), or about 2% (w/w). In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier is hypromellose.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a viscosity of at least about 100 cP, at least about 250 cP, at least about 500 cP, at least about 750 cP, at least about 1000 cP, at least about 1250 cP, at least about 1500 cP, at least about 1750 cP, at least about 2000 cP, at least about 2250 cP, or at least about 2500 cP, and/or no more than about 100 cP, no more than about 250 cP, no more than about 500 cP, no more than about 750 cP, no more than about 1000 cP, no more than about 1250 cP, no more than about 1500 cP, no more than about 1750 cP, no more than about 2000 cP, no more than about 2250 cP, or no more than about 2500 cP.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a viscosity of about 100 cP to about 2,500 cP. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a viscosity of at least about 100 cP. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a viscosity of at most about 2,500 cP. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a viscosity of about 100 cP to about 250 cP, about 100 cP to about 500 cP, about 100 cP to about 750 cP, about 100 cP to about 1,000 cP, about 100 cP to about 1,250 cP, about 100 cP to about 1,500 cP, about 100 cP to about 1,750 cP, about 100 cP to about 2,000 cP, about 100 cP to about 2,250 cP, about 100 cP to about 2,500 cP, about 250 cP to about 500 cP, about 250 cP to about 750 cP, about 250 cP to about 1,000 cP, about 250 cP to about 1,250 cP, about 250 cP to about 1,500 cP, about 250 cP to about 1,750 cP, about 250 cP to about 2,000 cP, about 250 cP to about 2,250 cP, about 250 cP to about 2,500 cP, about 500 cP to about 750 cP, about 500 cP to about 1,000 cP, about 500 cP to about 1,250 cP, about 500 cP to about 1,500 cP, about 500 cP to about 1,750 cP, about 500 cP to about 2,000 cP, about 500 cP to about 2,250 cP, about 500 cP to about 2,500 cP, about 750 cP to about 1,000 cP, about 750 cP to about 1,250 cP, about 750 cP to about 1,500 cP, about 750 cP to about 1,750 cP, about 750 cP to about 2,000 cP, about 750 cP to about 2,250 cP, about 750 cP to about 2,500 cP, about 1,000 cP to about 1,250 cP, about 1,000 cP to about 1,500 cP, about 1,000 cP to about 1,750 cP, about 1,000 cP to about 2,000 cP, about 1,000 cP to about 2,250 cP, about 1,000 cP to about 2,500 cP, about 1,250 cP to about 1,500 cP, about 1,250 cP to about 1,750 cP, about 1,250 cP to about 2,000 cP, about 1,250 cP to about 2,250 cP, about 1,250 cP to about 2,500 cP, about 1,500 cP to about 1,750 cP, about 1,500 cP to about 2,000 cP, about 1,500 cP to about 2,250 cP, about 1,500 cP to about 2,500 cP, about 1,750 cP to about 2,000 cP, about 1,750 cP to about 2,250 cP, about 1,750 cP to about 2,500 cP, about 2,000 cP to about 2,250 cP, about 2,000 cP to about 2,500 cP, or about 2,250 cP to about 2,500 cP. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a viscosity of about 100 cP, about 250 cP, about 500 cP, about 750 cP, about 1,000 cP, about 1,250 cP, about 1,500 cP, about 1,750 cP, about 2,000 cP, about 2,250 cP, or about 2,500 cP.

In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises a viscosity modifier. In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier is polyethylene glycol, methylcellulose, or hypromellose.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises polyethylene glycol. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 0.5% to about 50% polyethylene glycol.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises methylcellulose. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 0.001% to about 5% methylcellulose.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises hypromellose. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 0.05% to about 0.5% hypromellose. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 0.05% to about 0.4% hypromellose. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 0.05% to about 0.3% hypromellose. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 0.05% to about 0.3% hypromellose. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises about 0.1% hypromellose.

Buffering Agents

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a buffering agent. In some embodiments, the buffering agent is citric acid, citrate, citric acid monohydrate, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the buffering agent is sodium phosphate or sodium citrate.

In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is about 3.5 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is about 3.5 to about 5.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is about 3.5 to about 4.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is about 4.0 to about 5.0. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is about 4.5 to about 5.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is about 4.5 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is about 5.5 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is about 3.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is about 4. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is about 4.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is about 4.7. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is about 5. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is about 5.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is about 6. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is about 6.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is at least about 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, or about 6.0 and/or no more than about 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, or about 6.0. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical spray formulation is about 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, or about 6.0.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a pH of about 3.5 to about 7.5. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a pH of at least about 3.5. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a pH of at most about 7.5. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a pH of about 3.5 to about 4, about 3.5 to about 4.5, about 3.5 to about 5, about 3.5 to about 5.5, about 3.5 to about 6, about 3.5 to about 6.5, about 3.5 to about 7, about 3.5 to about 7.5, about 4 to about 4.5, about 4 to about 5, about 4 to about 5.5, about 4 to about 6, about 4 to about 6.5, about 4 to about 7, about 4 to about 7.5, about 4.5 to about 5, about 4.5 to about 5.5, about 4.5 to about 6, about 4.5 to about 6.5, about 4.5 to about 7, about 4.5 to about 7.5, about 5 to about 5.5, about 5 to about 6, about 5 to about 6.5, about 5 to about 7, about 5 to about 7.5, about 5.5 to about 6, about 5.5 to about 6.5, about 5.5 to about 7, about 5.5 to about 7.5, about 6 to about 6.5, about 6 to about 7, about 6 to about 7.5, about 6.5 to about 7, about 6.5 to about 7.5, or about 7 to about 7.5. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a pH of about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5, about 6, about 6.5, about 7, or about 7.5.

In some embodiments, the pH is controlled by the addition of hydrochloric acid, citric acid, citrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pH is controlled by the addition of hydrochloric acid. In some embodiments, the pH is controlled by the addition of citric acid. In some embodiments, the pH is controlled by the addition of citrate. In some embodiments, the pH is controlled by the addition of citric acid monohydrate. In some embodiments, the pH is controlled by the addition of a combination of hydrochloric acid and any of citric acid, citrate, of citric acid monohydrate

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a buffering agent at a concentration of about 0.01% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a buffering agent at a concentration of at least about 0.01% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a buffering agent at a concentration of at most about 2% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a buffering agent at a concentration of about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), about 0.4% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.4% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), about 0.4% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), about 0.4% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.4% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.4% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.4% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), about 0.5% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), about 0.5% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), about 0.5% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.5% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.5% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.5% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), about 0.6% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), about 0.6% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.6% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.6% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.6% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), about 0.7% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.7% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.7% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.7% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), about 0.8% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.8% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.8% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), about 0.9% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.9% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), or about 1% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a buffering agent at a concentration of about 0.01% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.6% (w/w), about 0.7% (w/w), about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.9% (w/w), about 1% (w/w), or about 2% (w/w). In some embodiments, the buffering agent is citric acid, for example, citric acid monohydrate.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises trisodium citrate or citric acid monohydrate. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 0.01% to about 2.0% trisodium citrate or citric acid monohydrate. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 0.1% to about 2.0% trisodium citrate or citric acid monohydrate. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 0.1% to about 1.0% trisodium citrate or citric acid monohydrate. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises about 0.42% trisodium citrate or citric acid monohydrate.

Antioxidants

In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antioxidant. Antioxidants can reduce or mitigate oxidation of the active ingredient such as epinephrine. Examples of antioxidants include sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, butylated hydroxytoluene, and tocopherol. In some embodiments, the antioxidant comprises sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the antioxidant comprises sodium bisulfite. In some embodiments, the antioxidant comprises sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the antioxidant acts as a preservative. In some embodiments, the antioxidant is a preservative. In some embodiments, the preservative is sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antioxidant that reduces oxidation of the active ingredient such that the pharmaceutical spray formulation that has no more than 1%, no more than 2%, no more than 3%, no more than 4%, no more than 5%, no more than 6%, no more than 7%, no more than 8%, no more than 9%, no more than 10%, no more than 11%, no more than 12%, no more than 13%, no more than 14%, no more than 15% impurities after storage at room temperature for at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, at least 6 months, at least 7 months, at least 8 months, at least 9 months, at least 10 months, at least 11 months, at least 12 months, at least 13 months, at least 14 months, at least 15 months, at least 16 months, at least 17 months, at least 18 months, at least 19 months, at least 20 months, at least 21 months, at least 22 months, at least 23 months, or at least 24 months. Room temperature can be from about 20 degrees Celsius to about 25 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, room temperature is about 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 degrees Celsius.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is a stable and/or pure formulation that minimizes oxidation of the active ingredient and/or the presence of impurities (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has no more than 0.1%, no more than 0.2%, no more than 0.3%, no more than 0.4%, no more than 0.5%, no more than 0.6%, no more than 0.7%, no more than 0.8%, no more than 0.9%, no more than 1%, no more than 2%, no more than 3%, no more than 4%, no more than 5%, no more than 6%, no more than 7%, no more than 8%, no more than 9%, no more than 10%, no more than 110, no more than 12%, no more than 13%, no more than 14%, no more than 15% impurities after storage for at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, at least 6 months, at least 7 months, at least 8 months, at least 9 months, at least 10 months, at least 11 months, at least 12 months, at least 13 months, at least 14 months, at least 15 months, at least 16 months, at least 17 months, at least 18 months, at least 19 months, at least 20 months, at least 21 months, at least 22 months, at least 23 months, or at least 24 months. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stored at a temperature of at least about 5 degrees Celsius, at least about 10 degrees Celsius, at least about 20 degrees Celsius, at least about 25 degrees Celsius, at least about 35 degrees Celsius, or at least about 40 degrees Celsius and/or a temperature of no more than about 5 degrees Celsius, no more than about 10 degrees Celsius, no more than about 20 degrees Celsius, no more than about 25 degrees Celsius, no more than about 35 degrees Celsius, no more than about 40 degrees Celsius, or no more than about 45 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is stored at a temperature of about 5 degrees Celsius, about 10 degrees Celsius, about 20 degrees Celsius, about 25 degrees Celsius, about 35 degrees Celsius, or about 40 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the impurities content of the formulation is determined relative to an initial impurities content measured at 0 months (t=0). In some embodiments, the impurities content of the formulation is determined as an absolute percentage.

In some embodiments, the impurities include one or more of epinephrine sulfonic acid, adrenochrome, norepinephrine, or adrenalone. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has an epinephrine sulfonic acid content of no more than 0.1%, no more than 0.2%, no more than 0.3%, no more than 0.4%, no more than 0.5%, no more than 0.6%, no more than 0.7%, no more than 0.8%, no more than 0.9%, no more than 1%, no more than 2%, no more than 3%, no more than 4%, no more than 5%, no more than 6%, no more than 7%, no more than 8%, or no more than 9%, after storage at about 5 degrees Celsius, about 25 degrees Celsius, or about 40 degrees Celsius for at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, at least 6 months, at least 7 months, at least 8 months, at least 9 months, at least 10 months, at least 11 months, at least 12 months, at least 13 months, at least 14 months, at least 15 months, at least 16 months, at least 17 months, at least 18 months, at least 19 months, at least 20 months, at least 21 months, at least 22 months, at least 23 months, or at least 24 months.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has an adrenochrome content of no more than 0.1%, no more than 0.2%, no more than 0.3%, no more than 0.4%, or no more than 0.5% after storage at about 5 degrees Celsius, about 25 degrees Celsius, or about 40 degrees Celsius for at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, at least 6 months, at least 7 months, at least 8 months, at least 9 months, at least 10 months, at least 11 months, at least 12 months, at least 13 months, at least 14 months, at least 15 months, at least 16 months, at least 17 months, at least 18 months, at least 19 months, at least 20 months, at least 21 months, at least 22 months, at least 23 months, or at least 24 months.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a norepinephrine content of no more than 0.05%, no more than 0.1%, no more than 0.2%, no more than 0.3%, no more than 0.4%, no more than 0.5%, no more than 0.6%, no more than 0.7%, no more than 0.8%, no more than 0.9%, no more than 1%, no more than 2%, no more than 3%, or no more than 4% after storage at about 5 degrees Celsius, about 25 degrees Celsius, or about 40 degrees Celsius for at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, at least 6 months, at least 7 months, at least 8 months, at least 9 months, at least 10 months, at least 11 months, at least 12 months, at least 13 months, at least 14 months, at least 15 months, at least 16 months, at least 17 months, at least 18 months, at least 19 months, at least 20 months, at least 21 months, at least 22 months, at least 23 months, or at least 24 months.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has an adrenalone content of no more than 0.05%, no more than 0.1%, no more than 0.2%, no more than 0.3%, no more than 0.4%, no more than 0.5%, no more than 0.6%, no more than 0.7%, no more than 0.8%, no more than 0.9%, no more than 1%, no more than 2%, or no more than 3% after storage at about 5 degrees Celsius, about 25 degrees Celsius, or about 40 degrees Celsius for at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, at least 6 months, at least 7 months, at least 8 months, at least 9 months, at least 10 months, at least 11 months, at least 12 months, at least 13 months, at least 14 months, at least 15 months, at least 16 months, at least 17 months, at least 18 months, at least 19 months, at least 20 months, at least 21 months, at least 22 months, at least 23 months, or at least 24 months.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the L-isomer of epinephrine at an enantiomeric purity of at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises the L-isomer of epinephrine at an enantiomeric purity of at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% after storage at about 5 degrees Celsius, about 25 degrees Celsius, or about 40 degrees Celsius for at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, at least 6 months, at least 7 months, at least 8 months, at least 9 months, at least 10 months, at least 11 months, at least 12 months, at least 13 months, at least 14 months, at least 15 months, at least 16 months, at least 17 months, at least 18 months, at least 19 months, at least 20 months, at least 21 months, at least 22 months, at least 23 months, or at least 24 months.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antioxidant at a concentration of about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antioxidant at a concentration of at least about 0.0001% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antioxidant at a concentration of at most about 0.5% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antioxidant at a concentration of about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.001% (w/w), about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.01% (w/w), about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.02% (w/w), about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.03% (w/w), about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.04% (w/w), about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w), about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.01% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.02% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.03% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.04% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.02% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.03% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.04% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.02% (w/w) to about 0.03% (w/w), about 0.02% (w/w) to about 0.04% (w/w), about 0.02% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w), about 0.02% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.02% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.02% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.02% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.02% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.03% (w/w) to about 0.04% (w/w), about 0.03% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w), about 0.03% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.03% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.03% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.03% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.03% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.04% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w), about 0.04% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.04% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.04% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.04% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.04% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), or about 0.4% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antioxidant at a concentration of about 0.0001% (w/w), about 0.001% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w), about 0.02% (w/w), about 0.03% (w/w), about 0.04% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.4% (w/w), or about 0.5% (w/w).

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w).

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium bisulfite. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.005% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of about 0.005% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of about 0.01% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of about 0.02% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of about 0.03% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of about 0.04% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of about 0.05% (w/w).

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.005% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.005% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.01% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.02% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.03% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.04% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.05% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.06% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.07% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.08% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.09% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.1% (w/w).

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antioxidant at a concentration of 0.01% (w/w) to 0.3% (w/w). In some embodiments, the antioxidant is sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antioxidant at a concentration of 0.01% (w/w) to 0.02% (w/w), 0.01% (w/w) to 0.03% (w/w), 0.01% (w/w) to 0.04% (w/w), 0.01% (w/w) to 0.05% (w/w), 0.01% (w/w) to 0.06% (w/w), 0.01% (w/w) to 0.07% (w/w), 0.01% (w/w) to 0.08% (w/w), 0.01% (w/w) to 0.09% (w/w), 0.01% (w/w) to 0.1% (w/w), 0.01% (w/w) to 0.2% (w/w), 0.01% (w/w) to 0.3% (w/w), 0.02% (w/w) to 0.03% (w/w), 0.02% (w/w) to 0.04% (w/w), 0.02% (w/w) to 0.05% (w/w), 0.02% (w/w) to 0.06% (w/w), 0.02% (w/w) to 0.07% (w/w), 0.02% (w/w) to 0.08% (w/w), 0.02% (w/w) to 0.09% (w/w), 0.02% (w/w) to 0.1% (w/w), 0.02% (w/w) to 0.2% (w/w), 0.02% (w/w) to 0.3% (w/w), 0.03% (w/w) to 0.04% (w/w), 0.03% (w/w) to 0.05% (w/w), 0.03% (w/w) to 0.06% (w/w), 0.03% (w/w) to 0.07% (w/w), 0.03% (w/w) to 0.08% (w/w), 0.03% (w/w) to 0.09% (w/w), 0.03% (w/w) to 0.1% (w/w), 0.03% (w/w) to 0.2% (w/w), 0.03% (w/w) to 0.3% (w/w), 0.04% (w/w) to 0.05% (w/w), 0.04% (w/w) to 0.06% (w/w), 0.04% (w/w) to 0.07% (w/w), 0.04% (w/w) to 0.08% (w/w), 0.04% (w/w) to 0.09% (w/w), 0.04% (w/w) to 0.1% (w/w), 0.04% (w/w) to 0.2% (w/w), 0.04% (w/w) to 0.3% (w/w), 0.05% (w/w) to 0.06% (w/w), 0.05% (w/w) to 0.07% (w/w), 0.05% (w/w) to 0.08% (w/w), 0.05% (w/w) to 0.09% (w/w), 0.05% (w/w) to 0.1% (w/w), 0.05% (w/w) to 0.2% (w/w), 0.05% (w/w) to 0.3% (w/w), 0.06% (w/w) to 0.07% (w/w), 0.06% (w/w) to 0.08% (w/w), 0.06% (w/w) to 0.09% (w/w), 0.06% (w/w) to 0.1% (w/w), 0.06% (w/w) to 0.2% (w/w), 0.06% (w/w) to 0.3% (w/w), 0.07% (w/w) to 0.08% (w/w), 0.07% (w/w) to 0.09% (w/w), 0.07% (w/w) to 0.1% (w/w), 0.07% (w/w) to 0.2% (w/w), 0.07% (w/w) to 0.3% (w/w), 0.08% (w/w) to 0.09% (w/w), 0.08% (w/w) to 0.1% (w/w), 0.08% (w/w) to 0.2% (w/w), 0.08% (w/w) to 0.3% (w/w), 0.09% (w/w) to 0.1% (w/w), 0.09% (w/w) to 0.2% (w/w), 0.09% (w/w) to 0.3% (w/w), 0.1% (w/w) to 0.2% (w/w), 0.1% (w/w) to 0.3% (w/w), or 0.2% (w/w) to 0.3% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antioxidant at a concentration of 0.01% (w/w), 0.02% (w/w), 0.03% (w/w), 0.04% (w/w), 0.05% (w/w), 0.06% (w/w), 0.07% (w/w), 0.08% (w/w), 0.09% (w/w), 0.1% (w/w), 0.2% (w/w), or 0.3% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antioxidant at a concentration of at least 0.01% (w/w), 0.02% (w/w), 0.03% (w/w), 0.04% (w/w), 0.05% (w/w), 0.06% (w/w), 0.07% (w/w), 0.08% (w/w), 0.09% (w/w), 0.1% (w/w), or 0.2% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antioxidant at a concentration of at most 0.02% (w/w), 0.03% (w/w), 0.04% (w/w), 0.05% (w/w), 0.06% (w/w), 0.07% (w/w), 0.08% (w/w), 0.09% (w/w), 0.1% (w/w), 0.2% (w/w), or 0.3% (w/w).

Preservatives

In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a preservative. In some embodiments, the preservative comprises a chelating agent. In some embodiments, the chelating agent is disodium edetate (EDTA). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises disodium edetate. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises disodium edetate at a concentration of from about 0.0001% to about 0.01%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises disodium edetate at a concentration of from about 0.0005% to about 0.01%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises disodium edetate at a concentration of from about 0.001% to about 0.010%.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a chelating agent at a concentration of about 0.0001% to about 0.05%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a chelating agent at a concentration of at least about 0.0001%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a chelating agent at a concentration of at most about 0.05%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a chelating agent at a concentration of about 0.0001% to about 0.0002%, about 0.0001% to about 0.0003%, about 0.0001% to about 0.0004%, about 0.0001% to about 0.0005%, about 0.0001% to about 0.001%, about 0.0001% to about 0.005%, about 0.0001% to about 0.01%, about 0.0001% to about 0.02%, about 0.0001% to about 0.03%, about 0.0001% to about 0.04%, about 0.0001% to about 0.05%, about 0.0002% to about 0.0003%, about 0.0002% to about 0.0004%, about 0.0002% to about 0.0005%, about 0.0002% to about 0.001%, about 0.0002% to about 0.005%, about 0.0002% to about 0.01%, about 0.0002% to about 0.02%, about 0.0002% to about 0.03%, about 0.0002% to about 0.04%, about 0.0002% to about 0.05%, about 0.0003% to about 0.0004%, about 0.0003% to about 0.0005%, about 0.0003% to about 0.001%, about 0.0003% to about 0.005%, about 0.0003% to about 0.01%, about 0.0003% to about 0.02%, about 0.0003% to about 0.03%, about 0.0003% to about 0.04%, about 0.0003% to about 0.05%, about 0.0004% to about 0.0005%, about 0.0004% to about 0.001%, about 0.0004% to about 0.005%, about 0.0004% to about 0.01%, about 0.0004% to about 0.02%, about 0.0004% to about 0.03%, about 0.0004% to about 0.04%, about 0.0004% to about 0.05%, about 0.0005% to about 0.001%, about 0.0005% to about 0.005%, about 0.0005% to about 0.01%, about 0.0005% to about 0.02%, about 0.0005% to about 0.03%, about 0.0005% to about 0.04%, about 0.0005% to about 0.05%, about 0.001% to about 0.005%, about 0.001% to about 0.01%, about 0.001% to about 0.02%, about 0.001% to about 0.03%, about 0.001% to about 0.04% about 0.001% to about 0.05% about 0.005% to about 0.01%, about 0.005% to about 0.02%, about 0.005% to about 0.03%, about 0.005% to about 0.04%, about 0.005% to about 0.050% about 0.01% to about 0.02%, about 0.01% to about 0.03%, about 0.01% to about 0.04% about 0.01% to about 0.05% about 0.02% to about 0.03% about 0.02% to about 0.04% about 0.02% to about 0.05% about 0.03% to about 0.04% about 0.03% to about 0.05% or about 0.04% to about 0.05%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a chelating agent at a concentration of about 0.0001%, about 0.0002%, about 0.0003%, about 0.0004%, about 0.0005%, about 0.001%, about 0.005%, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, or about 0.05%.

In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a preservative. Examples of preservatives include parabens, phenyl ethyl alcohol, benzalkonium chloride, EDTA, and benzoyl alcohol. In some embodiments, the preservative comprises an antimicrobial preservative. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial preservative is benzalkonium sodium or chlorobutanol. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial preservative is chlorobutanol. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises benzalkonium sodium at a concentration of from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v) or chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v).

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antimicrobial preservative at a concentration of about 0.01% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the antimicrobial preservative is chlorobutanol, for example, chlorobutanol hemihydrate. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antimicrobial preservative at a concentration of at least about 0.01% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antimicrobial preservative at a concentration of at most about 1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antimicrobial preservative at a concentration of about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.4% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.4% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), about 0.4% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), about 0.4% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.4% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.4% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.5% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), about 0.5% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), about 0.5% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.5% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.5% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.6% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), about 0.6% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.6% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.6% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.7% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.7% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.7% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), about 0.8% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), about 0.8% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), or about 0.9% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an antimicrobial preservative at a concentration of about 0.01% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w), about 0.1% (w/w), about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.3% (w/w), about 0.4% (w/w), about 0.5% (w/w), about 0.6% (w/w), about 0.7% (w/w), about 0.8% (w/w), about 0.9% (w/w), or about 1% (w/w).

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises benzalkonium sodium. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises benzalkonium sodium at a concentration of from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises benzalkonium sodium at a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises benzalkonium sodium at a concentration of from about 0.05% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises benzalkonium sodium at a concentration of from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v).

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises chlorobutanol. In some embodiments, the chlorobutanol is chlorobutanol hemihydrate. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v) (or alternatively w/w). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.05% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of about 0.21% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of about 0.2% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of about 0.5% (w/v).

Isotonicity Agents

Disclosed herein are various ingredients of the pharmaceutical spray formulation. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an isotonicity agent. In some embodiments, an isotonicity agent is sodium chloride. An isotonicity agent can be used to adjust the tonicity of the formulation. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is hypotonic. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is hypertonic. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is isotonic.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has an osmolality of about 550 mOsm/kg to about 800 mOsm/kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has an osmolality of about 550 mOsm/kg to about 575 mOsm/kg, about 550 mOsm/kg to about 600 mOsm/kg, about 550 mOsm/kg to about 625 mOsm/kg, about 550 mOsm/kg to about 650 mOsm/kg, about 550 mOsm/kg to about 675 mOsm/kg, about 550 mOsm/kg to about 700 mOsm/kg, about 550 mOsm/kg to about 725 mOsm/kg, about 550 mOsm/kg to about 750 mOsm/kg, about 550 mOsm/kg to about 775 mOsm/kg, about 550 mOsm/kg to about 800 mOsm/kg, about 575 mOsm/kg to about 600 mOsm/kg, about 575 mOsm/kg to about 625 mOsm/kg, about 575 mOsm/kg to about 650 mOsm/kg, about 575 mOsm/kg to about 675 mOsm/kg, about 575 mOsm/kg to about 700 mOsm/kg, about 575 mOsm/kg to about 725 mOsm/kg, about 575 mOsm/kg to about 750 mOsm/kg, about 575 mOsm/kg to about 775 mOsm/kg, about 575 mOsm/kg to about 800 mOsm/kg, about 600 mOsm/kg to about 625 mOsm/kg, about 600 mOsm/kg to about 650 mOsm/kg, about 600 mOsm/kg to about 675 mOsm/kg, about 600 mOsm/kg to about 700 mOsm/kg, about 600 mOsm/kg to about 725 mOsm/kg, about 600 mOsm/kg to about 750 mOsm/kg, about 600 mOsm/kg to about 775 mOsm/kg, about 600 mOsm/kg to about 800 mOsm/kg, about 625 mOsm/kg to about 650 mOsm/kg, about 625 mOsm/kg to about 675 mOsm/kg, about 625 mOsm/kg to about 700 mOsm/kg, about 625 mOsm/kg to about 725 mOsm/kg, about 625 mOsm/kg to about 750 mOsm/kg, about 625 mOsm/kg to about 775 mOsm/kg, about 625 mOsm/kg to about 800 mOsm/kg, about 650 mOsm/kg to about 675 mOsm/kg, about 650 mOsm/kg to about 700 mOsm/kg, about 650 mOsm/kg to about 725 mOsm/kg, about 650 mOsm/kg to about 750 mOsm/kg, about 650 mOsm/kg to about 775 mOsm/kg, about 650 mOsm/kg to about 800 mOsm/kg, about 675 mOsm/kg to about 700 mOsm/kg, about 675 mOsm/kg to about 725 mOsm/kg, about 675 mOsm/kg to about 750 mOsm/kg, about 675 mOsm/kg to about 775 mOsm/kg, about 675 mOsm/kg to about 800 mOsm/kg, about 700 mOsm/kg to about 725 mOsm/kg, about 700 mOsm/kg to about 750 mOsm/kg, about 700 mOsm/kg to about 775 mOsm/kg, about 700 mOsm/kg to about 800 mOsm/kg, about 725 mOsm/kg to about 750 mOsm/kg, about 725 mOsm/kg to about 775 mOsm/kg, about 725 mOsm/kg to about 800 mOsm/kg, about 750 mOsm/kg to about 775 mOsm/kg, about 750 mOsm/kg to about 800 mOsm/kg, or about 775 mOsm/kg to about 800 mOsm/kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has an osmolality of about 550 mOsm/kg, about 575 mOsm/kg, about 600 mOsm/kg, about 625 mOsm/kg, about 650 mOsm/kg, about 675 mOsm/kg, about 700 mOsm/kg, about 725 mOsm/kg, about 750 mOsm/kg, about 775 mOsm/kg, or about 800 mOsm/kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has an osmolality of at least about 550 mOsm/kg, about 575 mOsm/kg, about 600 mOsm/kg, about 625 mOsm/kg, about 650 mOsm/kg, about 675 mOsm/kg, about 700 mOsm/kg, about 725 mOsm/kg, about 750 mOsm/kg, or about 775 mOsm/kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has an osmolality of at most about 575 mOsm/kg, about 600 mOsm/kg, about 625 mOsm/kg, about 650 mOsm/kg, about 675 mOsm/kg, about 700 mOsm/kg, about 725 mOsm/kg, about 750 mOsm/kg, about 775 mOsm/kg, or about 800 mOsm/kg.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an isotonicity agent at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 4%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an isotonicity agent at a concentration of at least about 0.1%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an isotonicity agent at a concentration of at most about 4%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an isotonicity agent at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 0.2%, about 0.1% to about 0.4%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 0.6%, about 0.1% to about 0.8%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 1.5%, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.1% to about 2.5%, about 0.1% to about 3%, about 0.1% to about 4%, about 0.2% to about 0.4%, about 0.2% to about 0.5%, about 0.2% to about 0.6%, about 0.2% to about 0.8%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 1.5%, about 0.2% to about 2%, about 0.2% to about 2.5%, about 0.2% to about 3%, about 0.2% to about 4%, about 0.4% to about 0.5%, about 0.4% to about 0.6%, about 0.4% to about 0.8%, about 0.4% to about 1%, about 0.4% to about 1.5%, about 0.4% to about 2%, about 0.4% to about 2.5%, about 0.4% to about 3%, about 0.4% to about 4%, about 0.5% to about 0.6%, about 0.5% to about 0.8%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 1.5%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 2.5%, about 0.5% to about 3%, about 0.5% to about 4%, about 0.6% to about 0.8%, about 0.6% to about 1%, about 0.6% to about 1.5%, about 0.6% to about 2%, about 0.6% to about 2.5%, about 0.6% to about 3%, about 0.6% to about 4%, about 0.8% to about 1%, about 0.8% to about 1.5%, about 0.8% to about 2%, about 0.8% to about 2.5%, about 0.8% to about 3%, about 0.8% to about 4%, about 1% to about 1.5%, about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 2.5%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 4%, about 1.5% to about 2%, about 1.5% to about 2.5% about 1.5% to about 3%, about 1.5% to about 4%, about 2% to about 2.5%, about 2% to about 3%, about 2% to about 4%, about 2.5% to about 3%, about 2.5% to about 4%, or about 3% to about 4%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an isotonicity agent at a concentration of about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.8%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, about 3%, or about 4%.

In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium chloride. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of from about 0.1% to about 5%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of from about 0.1% to about 1%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of from about 0.5% to about 5%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of from about 1% to about 5%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of from about 2% to about 5%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of from about 3% to about 5%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of from about 4% to about 5%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of from about 0.10% to about 3%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of from about 0.1% to about 2%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of from about 0.1% to about 1%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of about 0.4%.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is a stable pharmaceutical spray formulation that has no more than 1%, no more than 2%, no more than 3%, no more than 4%, no more than 5%, no more than 6%, no more than 7%, no more than 8%, no more than 9%, no more than 10%, no more than 11%, no more than 12%, no more than 13%, no more than 14%, no more than 15% impurities after storage at room temperature for at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, at least 6 months, at least 7 months, at least 8 months, at least 9 months, at least 10 months, at least 11 months, or at least 12 months. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises one or more buffering agents and/or preservatives to improve stability of the active ingredient (e.g., reduce oxidation or degradation of epinephrine) during storage.

Vasodilators

In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises a vasodilator. In some embodiments, the vasodilator is nitroprusside, phentolamine, or nifedipine.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 0.05 mg to about 5 mg of nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 0.1 mg to about 5 mg of nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 0.5 mg to about 5 mg of nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 1 mg to about 5 mg of nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 1 mg to about 4 mg of nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 0.05 mg to about 3 mg of nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 0.5 mg to about 3 mg of nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 0.5 mg to about 2 mg of nitroprusside.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises phentolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 1 mg to about 50 mg of phentolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises phentolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 1 mg to about 40 mg of phentolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises phentolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 1 mg to about 30 mg of phentolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises phentolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 1 mg to about 20 mg of phentolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises phentolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 1 mg to about 10 mg of phentolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises phentolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 5 mg to about 50 mg of phentolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises phentolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 10 mg to about 50 mg of phentolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises phentolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 20 mg to about 50 mg of phentolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises phentolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 20 mg to about 40 mg of phentolamine.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 10 mg to about 500 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 10 mg to about 450 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 10 mg to about 400 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 10 mg to about 350 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 10 mg to about 300 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 10 mg to about 250 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 10 mg to about 200 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 10 mg to about 150 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 10 mg to about 100 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 10 mg to about 75 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 10 mg to about 50 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 10 mg to about 40 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 10 mg to about 30 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 50 mg to about 500 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 100 mg to about 500 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 100 mg to about 400 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 100 mg to about 350 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises from about 100 mg to about 300 mg of nifedipine.

Absorption Enhancers

In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an absorption enhancer. In some embodiments, the absorption enhancer comprises caprylic acid, oleic acid, polysorbate 80, menthol, EDTA, sodium edetate, cetylpyridinium chloride, sodium lauryl sulfate, citric acid, sodium desoxycholate, sodium deoxyglycolate, glyceryl oleate, L-lysine, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, α- β- or γ-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, phosphatidylcholine, or combinations thereof. Absorption enhancers can improve the pharmacokinetics of the active ingredient(s) of the pharmaceutical spray formulation. In some embodiments, the improved pharmacokinetics includes one or more of C_(max), T_(max), and AUC. In some cases, the absorption enhancer comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some cases, use of absorption enhancers can reduce T_(max). Absorption enhancers may be used to increase the AUC of the active ingredient.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an absorption enhancer at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 2%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an absorption enhancer at a concentration of at least about 0.1%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an absorption enhancer at a concentration of at most about 2%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an absorption enhancer at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 0.2%, about 0.1% to about 0.3%, about 0.1% to about 0.4%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 0.6%, about 0.1% to about 0.7%, about 0.1% to about 0.8%, about 0.1% to about 0.9%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 1.5%, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.2% to about 0.3%, about 0.2% to about 0.4%, about 0.2% to about 0.5%, about 0.2% to about 0.6%, about 0.2% to about 0.7%, about 0.2% to about 0.8%, about 0.2% to about 0.9%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 1.5%, about 0.2% to about 2%, about 0.3% to about 0.4%, about 0.3% to about 0.5%, about 0.3% to about 0.6%, about 0.3% to about 0.7%, about 0.3% to about 0.8%, about 0.3% to about 0.9%, about 0.3% to about 1%, about 0.3% to about 1.5%, about 0.3% to about 2%, about 0.4% to about 0.5%, about 0.4% to about 0.6%, about 0.4% to about 0.7%, about 0.4% to about 0.8%, about 0.4% to about 0.9%, about 0.4% to about 1%, about 0.4% to about 1.5%, about 0.4% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 0.6%, about 0.5% to about 0.7%, about 0.5% to about 0.8%, about 0.5% to about 0.9%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 1.5%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.6% to about 0.7%, about 0.6% to about 0.8%, about 0.6% to about 0.9%, about 0.6% to about 1%, about 0.6% to about 1.5%, about 0.6% to about 2%, about 0.7% to about 0.8%, about 0.7% to about 0.9%, about 0.7% to about 1%, about 0.7% to about 1.5%, about 0.7% to about 2%, about 0.8% to about 0.9%, about 0.8% to about 1%, about 0.8% to about 1.5%, about 0.8% to about 2%, about 0.9% to about 1%, about 0.9% to about 1.5%, about 0.9% to about 2%, about 1% to about 1.5%, about 1% to about 2%, or about 1.5% to about 2%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an absorption enhancer at a concentration of about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3% about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.5%, or about 2%.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an absorption enhancer at a concentration of at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.6%, at least about 0.7%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 1.0%, at least about 1.1%, at least about 1.2%, at least about 1.3%, at least about 1.4%, at least about 1.5%, at least about 1.6%, at least about 1.7%, at least about 1.8%, at least about 1.9%, at least about 2.0%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 3.0%, at least about 4.0%, at least about 5.0%, and/or no more than about 0.1%, no more than about 0.2%, no more than about 0.3%, no more than about 0.4%, no more than about 0.5%, no more than about 0.6%, no more than about 0.7%, no more than about 0.8%, no more than about 0.9%, no more than about 1.0%, no more than about 1.10%, no more than about 1.2%, no more than about 1.3%, no more than about 1.4%, no more than about 1.5%, no more than about 1.6%, no more than about 1.7%, no more than about 1.8%, no more than about 1.9%, no more than about 2.0%, no more than about 2.5%, no more than about 3.0%, no more than about 4.0%, or no more than about 5.0%. In some embodiments, the absorption enhancer is diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises a permeability enhancer or absorption enhancer.

In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration of from about 0.05% to about 15%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration of from about 0.5% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration of from about 0.5% to about 5%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration of from about 0.5% to about 4%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration of from about 0.5% to about 3%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration of from about 0.5% to about 2%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration of about 1%.

Formulations

In some aspects, disclosed herein are pharmaceutical spray formulations comprising an active ingredient or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more excipients, vehicles, emulsifiers, stabilizing agents, preservatives, mucosal adhesives, antibacterial agents, buffers, and/or other additives. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, or at least eight of an excipient, vehicle, emulsifier, stabilizing agent, preservative, mucosal adhesive, antibacterial agent, buffer, and/or other additive. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, or at least six of an antioxidant, a chelating agent, an antimicrobial preservative, a viscosity modifier, a buffering agent, or an absorption enhancer. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises at least one preservative that is an antioxidant, a chelating agent, an antimicrobial preservative, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an active ingredient (e.g., epinephrine), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, or at least six of an antioxidant, an isotonicity agent, a viscosity modifier, a buffering agent, an absorption enhancer, or an antimicrobial preservative. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises an active ingredient (e.g., epinephrine), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, an antioxidant, an isotonicity agent, a viscosity modifier, a buffering agent, an absorption enhancer, and an antimicrobial preservative.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of an antioxidant, from about 0.1% to about 5% of an isotonicity agent, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% of a viscosity modifier, from about 0.01% to about 2.0% of a buffering agent, and from about 0.05% to about 15% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of an antioxidant, from about 0.1% to about 5% of an isotonicity agent, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% of a viscosity modifier, from about 0.01% to about 2% of a buffering agent, and from about 0.05% to about 15% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of an antioxidant, from about 0.1% to about 1% of an isotonicity agent, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% of a viscosity modifier, from about 0.1% to about 1% of a buffering agent, and from about 0.10% to about 5% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of an antioxidant, about 0.4% of an isotonicity agent, about 0.1% of a viscosity modifier, about 0.42% of a buffering agent, and about 1% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of an antioxidant, from about 0.1% to about 5% of an isotonicity agent, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% of a viscosity modifier, from about 0.01% to about 2% of a buffering agent, and from about 0.05% to about 15% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of an antioxidant, from about 0.1% to about 1% of an isotonicity agent, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% of a viscosity modifier, from about 0.1% to about 1% of a buffering agent, and from about 0.10% to about 5% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of an antioxidant, about 0.4% of an isotonicity agent, about 0.1% of a viscosity modifier, about 0.42% of a buffering agent, and about 1% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1% to about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of an antioxidant, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% of an isotonicity agent, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% of a viscosity modifier, from about 0.10% to about 1.0% of a buffering agent, and from about 0.10% to about 2.0% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 5% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.010% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of an antioxidant, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% of an isotonicity agent, from about 0.05% to about 0.5% of a viscosity modifier, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% of a buffering agent, and from about 0.5% to about 5% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2.4% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of an antioxidant, about 0.4% of an isotonicity agent, about 0.1% of a viscosity modifier, about 0.7% of a buffering agent, and about 1% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of an antioxidant, about 0.4% of an isotonicity agent, about 0.1% of a viscosity modifier, about 0.7% of a buffering agent, and about 1% of an absorption enhancer. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of an antioxidant, about 0.4% of an isotonicity agent, about 0.1% of a viscosity modifier, about 0.7% of a buffering agent, and about 1% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of an antioxidant, about 0.4% of an isotonicity agent, about 0.1% of a viscosity modifier, about 0.7% of a buffering agent, and about 1% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of an antioxidant, from about 0.1% to about 5% of an isotonicity agent, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% of a viscosity modifier, from about 0.01% to about 2% of a buffering agent, and from about 0.05% to about 15% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1% to about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of an antioxidant, from about 0.1% to about 1% of an isotonicity agent, from about 0.010% to about 0.2% of a viscosity modifier, from about 0.10% to about 10% of a buffering agent citrate, and from about 0.1% to about 5% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 5% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of an antioxidant, from about 0.1% to about 1% of an isotonicity agent, from about 0.010% to about 0.2% of a viscosity modifier, from about 0.10% to about 10% of a buffering agent, and from about 0.10% to about 5% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of an antioxidant, about 0.4% of an isotonicity agent, about 0.1% of a viscosity modifier, about 0.42% of a buffering agent, and about 1% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of an antioxidant, about 0.4% of an isotonicity agent, about 0.1% of a viscosity modifier, about 0.42% of a buffering agent, and about 1% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of an antioxidant, about 0.4% of an isotonicity agent, about 0.1% of a viscosity modifier, about 0.42% of a buffering agent, and about 1% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of an antioxidant, about 0.4% of an isotonicity agent, about 0.1% of a viscosity modifier, about 0.42% of a buffering agent, and about 1% of an absorption enhancer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises an antimicrobial preservative at a concentration of from about 0.05% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v).

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2.4% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of an antioxidant, about 0.4% of an isotonicity agent, about 0.1% of a viscosity modifier, about 0.7% of a buffering agent, about 1% of an absorption enhancer, and about 0.2% an antimicrobial preservative.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 4.6% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of an antioxidant, about 0.4% of an isotonicity agent, about 0.1% of a viscosity modifier, about 0.7% of a buffering agent, about 1% of an absorption enhancer, and about 0.2% an antimicrobial preservative.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of an antioxidant, about 0.4% of an isotonicity agent, about 0.1% of a viscosity modifier, about 0.42% of a buffering agent, about 1% of an absorption enhancer, and about 0.21% an antimicrobial preservative

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of an antioxidant, about 0.4% of an isotonicity agent, about 0.1% of a viscosity modifier, about 0.42% of a buffering agent, about 1% of an absorption enhancer, and about 0.21% an antimicrobial preservative.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2.0% trisodium citrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1% sodium chloride, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.1% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.10% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1% sodium chloride, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.1% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1% to about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% trisodium citrate, and from about 0.1% to about 2.0% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 5% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, from about 0.05% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% trisodium citrate, and from about 0.5% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2.4% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1% to about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1% sodium chloride, from about 0.010% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from about 0.10% to about 10% citric acid monohydrate citrate, and from about 0.1% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 5% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.010% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1% sodium chloride, from about 0.010% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from about 0.10% to about 10% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.1% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.10% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.10% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.10% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.10% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation further comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.05% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v).

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2.4% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and about 0.2% chlorobutanol.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 4.6% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and about 0.2% chlorobutanol.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.10% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and about 0.21% chlorobutanol.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.10% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and about 0.21% chlorobutanol.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and about 0.2% of chlorobutanol.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 4% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and about 0.2% of chlorobutanol.

Intranasal Delivery

In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a droplet size of D50 of from about 10 microns to about 100 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a droplet size of D50 of from about 10 microns to about 80 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a droplet size of D50 of from about 10 microns to about 60 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a droplet size of D50 of from about 10 microns to about 40 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a droplet size of D50 of from about 10 microns to about 20 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a droplet size of D50 of about 10 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a droplet size of D50 of about 20 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a droplet size of D50 of about 30 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a droplet size of D50 of about 40 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a droplet size of D50 of about 50 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a droplet size of D50 of about 60 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a droplet size of D50 of about 70 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a droplet size of D50 of about 80 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a droplet size of D50 of about 90 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation has a droplet size of D50 of about 100 microns.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as one or more sprays having a droplet size distribution characterized by certain D10, D50, or D90 values. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray with a D10 droplet size of about 15 microns to about 30 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray with a D10 droplet size of about 15 microns to about 16 microns, about 15 microns to about 17 microns, about 15 microns to about 18 microns, about 15 microns to about 19 microns, about 15 microns to about 20 microns, about 15 microns to about 21 microns, about 15 microns to about 22 microns, about 15 microns to about 25 microns, about 15 microns to about 30 microns, about 16 microns to about 17 microns, about 16 microns to about 18 microns, about 16 microns to about 19 microns, about 16 microns to about 20 microns, about 16 microns to about 21 microns, about 16 microns to about 22 microns, about 16 microns to about 25 microns, about 16 microns to about 30 microns, about 17 microns to about 18 microns, about 17 microns to about 19 microns, about 17 microns to about 20 microns, about 17 microns to about 21 microns, about 17 microns to about 22 microns, about 17 microns to about 25 microns, about 17 microns to about 30 microns, about 18 microns to about 19 microns, about 18 microns to about 20 microns, about 18 microns to about 21 microns, about 18 microns to about 22 microns, about 18 microns to about 25 microns, about 18 microns to about 30 microns, about 19 microns to about 20 microns, about 19 microns to about 21 microns, about 19 microns to about 22 microns, about 19 microns to about 25 microns, about 19 microns to about 30 microns, about 20 microns to about 21 microns, about 20 microns to about 22 microns, about 20 microns to about 25 microns, about 20 microns to about 30 microns, about 21 microns to about 22 microns, about 21 microns to about 25 microns, about 21 microns to about 30 microns, about 22 microns to about 25 microns, about 22 microns to about 30 microns, or about 25 microns to about 30 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray with a D10 droplet size of about 15 microns, about 16 microns, about 17 microns, about 18 microns, about 19 microns, about 20 microns, about 21 microns, about 22 microns, about 25 microns, or about 30 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray with a D10 droplet size of at least about 15 microns, about 16 microns, about 17 microns, about 18 microns, about 19 microns, about 20 microns, about 21 microns, about 22 microns, or about 25 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray with a D10 droplet size of at most about 16 microns, about 17 microns, about 18 microns, about 19 microns, about 20 microns, about 21 microns, about 22 microns, about 25 microns, or about 30 microns.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray with a D50 droplet size of about 35 microns to about 80 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray with a D50 droplet size of about 35 microns to about 40 microns, about 35 microns to about 42 microns, about 35 microns to about 44 microns, about 35 microns to about 46 microns, about 35 microns to about 48 microns, about 35 microns to about 50 microns, about 35 microns to about 52 microns, about 35 microns to about 55 microns, about 35 microns to about 60 microns, about 35 microns to about 70 microns, about 35 microns to about 80 microns, about 40 microns to about 42 microns, about 40 microns to about 44 microns, about 40 microns to about 46 microns, about 40 microns to about 48 microns, about 40 microns to about 50 microns, about 40 microns to about 52 microns, about 40 microns to about 55 microns, about 40 microns to about 60 microns, about 40 microns to about 70 microns, about 40 microns to about 80 microns, about 42 microns to about 44 microns, about 42 microns to about 46 microns, about 42 microns to about 48 microns, about 42 microns to about 50 microns, about 42 microns to about 52 microns, about 42 microns to about 55 microns, about 42 microns to about 60 microns, about 42 microns to about 70 microns, about 42 microns to about 80 microns, about 44 microns to about 46 microns, about 44 microns to about 48 microns, about 44 microns to about 50 microns, about 44 microns to about 52 microns, about 44 microns to about 55 microns, about 44 microns to about 60 microns, about 44 microns to about 70 microns, about 44 microns to about 80 microns, about 46 microns to about 48 microns, about 46 microns to about 50 microns, about 46 microns to about 52 microns, about 46 microns to about 55 microns, about 46 microns to about 60 microns, about 46 microns to about 70 microns, about 46 microns to about 80 microns, about 48 microns to about 50 microns, about 48 microns to about 52 microns, about 48 microns to about 55 microns, about 48 microns to about 60 microns, about 48 microns to about 70 microns, about 48 microns to about 80 microns, about 50 microns to about 52 microns, about 50 microns to about 55 microns, about 50 microns to about 60 microns, about 50 microns to about 70 microns, about 50 microns to about 80 microns, about 52 microns to about 55 microns, about 52 microns to about 60 microns, about 52 microns to about 70 microns, about 52 microns to about 80 microns, about 55 microns to about 60 microns, about 55 microns to about 70 microns, about 55 microns to about 80 microns, about 60 microns to about 70 microns, about 60 microns to about 80 microns, or about 70 microns to about 80 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray with a D50 droplet size of about 35 microns, about 40 microns, about 42 microns, about 44 microns, about 46 microns, about 48 microns, about 50 microns, about 52 microns, about 55 microns, about 60 microns, about 70 microns, or about 80 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray with a D50 droplet size of at least about 35 microns, about 40 microns, about 42 microns, about 44 microns, about 46 microns, about 48 microns, about 50 microns, about 52 microns, about 55 microns, about 60 microns, or about 70 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray with a D50 droplet size of at most about 40 microns, about 42 microns, about 44 microns, about 46 microns, about 48 microns, about 50 microns, about 52 microns, about 55 microns, about 60 microns, about 70 microns, or about 80 microns.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray with a D90 droplet size of about 80 microns to about 180 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray with a D90 droplet size of about 80 microns to about 90 microns, about 80 microns to about 100 microns, about 80 microns to about 110 microns, about 80 microns to about 115 microns, about 80 microns to about 120 microns, about 80 microns to about 130 microns, about 80 microns to about 140 microns, about 80 microns to about 150 microns, about 80 microns to about 160 microns, about 80 microns to about 170 microns, about 80 microns to about 180 microns, about 90 microns to about 100 microns, about 90 microns to about 110 microns, about 90 microns to about 115 microns, about 90 microns to about 120 microns, about 90 microns to about 130 microns, about 90 microns to about 140 microns, about 90 microns to about 150 microns, about 90 microns to about 160 microns, about 90 microns to about 170 microns, about 90 microns to about 180 microns, about 100 microns to about 110 microns, about 100 microns to about 115 microns, about 100 microns to about 120 microns, about 100 microns to about 130 microns, about 100 microns to about 140 microns, about 100 microns to about 150 microns, about 100 microns to about 160 microns, about 100 microns to about 170 microns, about 100 microns to about 180 microns, about 110 microns to about 115 microns, about 110 microns to about 120 microns, about 110 microns to about 130 microns, about 110 microns to about 140 microns, about 110 microns to about 150 microns, about 110 microns to about 160 microns, about 110 microns to about 170 microns, about 110 microns to about 180 microns, about 115 microns to about 120 microns, about 115 microns to about 130 microns, about 115 microns to about 140 microns, about 115 microns to about 150 microns, about 115 microns to about 160 microns, about 115 microns to about 170 microns, about 115 microns to about 180 microns, about 120 microns to about 130 microns, about 120 microns to about 140 microns, about 120 microns to about 150 microns, about 120 microns to about 160 microns, about 120 microns to about 170 microns, about 120 microns to about 180 microns, about 130 microns to about 140 microns, about 130 microns to about 150 microns, about 130 microns to about 160 microns, about 130 microns to about 170 microns, about 130 microns to about 180 microns, about 140 microns to about 150 microns, about 140 microns to about 160 microns, about 140 microns to about 170 microns, about 140 microns to about 180 microns, about 150 microns to about 160 microns, about 150 microns to about 170 microns, about 150 microns to about 180 microns, about 160 microns to about 170 microns, about 160 microns to about 180 microns, or about 170 microns to about 180 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray with a D90 droplet size of about 80 microns, about 90 microns, about 100 microns, about 110 microns, about 115 microns, about 120 microns, about 130 microns, about 140 microns, about 150 microns, about 160 microns, about 170 microns, or about 180 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray with a D90 droplet size of at least about 80 microns, about 90 microns, about 100 microns, about 110 microns, about 115 microns, about 120 microns, about 130 microns, about 140 microns, about 150 microns, about 160 microns, or about 170 microns. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray with a D90 droplet size of at most about 90 microns, about 100 microns, about 110 microns, about 115 microns, about 120 microns, about 130 microns, about 140 microns, about 150 microns, about 160 microns, about 170 microns, or about 180 microns.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray that has a % volume <10 microns of about 0.2% to about 5%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray that has a % volume <10 microns of about 0.2% to about 0.4%, about 0.2% to about 0.6%, about 0.2% to about 0.8%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 1.5%, about 0.2% to about 2%, about 0.2% to about 3%, about 0.2% to about 4%, about 0.2% to about 5%, about 0.4% to about 0.6%, about 0.4% to about 0.8%, about 0.4% to about 1%, about 0.4% to about 1.5%, about 0.4% to about 2%, about 0.4% to about 3%, about 0.4% to about 4%, about 0.4% to about 5%, about 0.6% to about 0.8%, about 0.6% to about 1%, about 0.6% to about 1.5%, about 0.6% to about 2%, about 0.6% to about 3%, about 0.6% to about 4%, about 0.6% to about 5%, about 0.8% to about 1%, about 0.8% to about 1.5%, about 0.8% to about 2%, about 0.8% to about 3%, about 0.8% to about 4%, about 0.8% to about 5%, about 1% to about 1.5%, about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 4%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1.5% to about 2%, about 1.5% to about 3%, about 1.5% to about 4%, about 1.5% to about 5%, about 2% to about 3%, about 2% to about 4%, about 2% to about 5%, about 3% to about 4%, about 3% to about 5%, or about 4% to about 5%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray that has a % volume <10 microns of about 0.2%, about 0.4%, about 0.6%, about 0.8%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, or about 5%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray that has a % volume <10 microns of at least about 0.2%, about 0.4%, about 0.6%, about 0.8% about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 3%, or about 4%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray that has a % volume <10 microns of at most about 0.4%, about 0.6%, about 0.8%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, or about 5%.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray that has a span of about 1.5 to about 2.5. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray that has a span of about 1.5 to about 1.6, about 1.5 to about 1.7, about 1.5 to about 1.8, about 1.5 to about 1.9, about 1.5 to about 2, about 1.5 to about 2.1, about 1.5 to about 2.2, about 1.5 to about 2.3, about 1.5 to about 2.4, about 1.5 to about 2.5, about 1.6 to about 1.7, about 1.6 to about 1.8, about 1.6 to about 1.9, about 1.6 to about 2, about 1.6 to about 2.1, about 1.6 to about 2.2, about 1.6 to about 2.3, about 1.6 to about 2.4, about 1.6 to about 2.5, about 1.7 to about 1.8, about 1.7 to about 1.9, about 1.7 to about 2, about 1.7 to about 2.1, about 1.7 to about 2.2, about 1.7 to about 2.3, about 1.7 to about 2.4, about 1.7 to about 2.5, about 1.8 to about 1.9, about 1.8 to about 2, about 1.8 to about 2.1, about 1.8 to about 2.2, about 1.8 to about 2.3, about 1.8 to about 2.4, about 1.8 to about 2.5, about 1.9 to about 2, about 1.9 to about 2.1, about 1.9 to about 2.2, about 1.9 to about 2.3, about 1.9 to about 2.4, about 1.9 to about 2.5, about 2 to about 2.1, about 2 to about 2.2, about 2 to about 2.3, about 2 to about 2.4, about 2 to about 2.5, about 2.1 to about 2.2, about 2.1 to about 2.3, about 2.1 to about 2.4, about 2.1 to about 2.5, about 2.2 to about 2.3, about 2.2 to about 2.4, about 2.2 to about 2.5, about 2.3 to about 2.4, about 2.3 to about 2.5, or about 2.4 to about 2.5. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray that has a span of about 1.5, about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8, about 1.9, about 2, about 2.1, about 2.2, about 2.3, about 2.4, or about 2.5. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray that has a span of at least about 1.5, about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8, about 1.9, about 2, about 2.1, about 2.2, about 2.3, or about 2.4. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is delivered as a spray that has a span of at most about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8, about 1.9, about 2, about 2.1, about 2.2, about 2.3, about 2.4, or about 2.5.

In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is present in and/or delivered from a device. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is present in and/or delivered from a pre-primed device. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is present in and/or delivered from a device suitable for delivering the formulation into the nostril of a subject. In some embodiments, the device is a single-dose device. In some embodiments, the device is a bi-dose device. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from about 75 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from about 100 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from about 150 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. In some embodiments, the single-dose device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 75 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 75 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 100 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 100 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 225 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 225 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 200 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 175 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 175 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 175 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 150 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 150 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device delivers one spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the first reservoir and one spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the second reservoir. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is present in and/or delivered from a device with an oxygen absorber or scavenger. In some embodiments, the oxygen absorber or scavenger is iron, ferrous carbonate, ascorbate, or sodium bicarbonate. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is present in and/or delivered from a device wherein the device has an increased reservoir. In some embodiments, the device comprises at least one oxygen absorber or scavenger. In some embodiments, the oxygen absorber or scavenger is iron, ferrous carbonate, ascorbate, or sodium bicarbonate, or a combination thereof.

In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is adapted for dosing by inhalation.

In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is adapted for intranasal dosing.

In an aspect provided herein, is a spray, comprising droplets. In an aspect provided herein, is a spray delivered from a device, comprising droplets. In an aspect provided herein, is a spray, comprising droplets, wherein the droplets comprise epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, an isotonicity agent, and benzalkonium chloride or chlorobutanol.

In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 0.5 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 1 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 2 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 3 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 4 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 5 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 6 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 7 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 8 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 9 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 10 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 15 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 20 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 25 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 30 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 35 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 40 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 45 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 50 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 55 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 60 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 65 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 70 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 75 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 80 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 85 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 90 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 95 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the epinephrine is at least about 10% bioavailable. In some embodiments, the epinephrine is at least about 20% bioavailable. In some embodiments, the epinephrine is at least about 30% bioavailable. In some embodiments, the epinephrine is at least about 40% bioavailable. In some embodiments, the epinephrine is at least about 50% bioavailable. In some embodiments, the epinephrine is at least about 60% bioavailable. In some embodiments, the epinephrine is at least about 70% bioavailable. In some embodiments, the epinephrine is at least about 80% bioavailable.

In some embodiments, the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is dissolved in water, ethanol, or propylene glycol, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is dissolved in water. In some embodiments, the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is dissolved in ethanol. In some embodiments, the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is dissolved in propylene glycol. In some embodiments, the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is dissolved in a combination of water and ethanol. In some embodiments, the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is dissolved in a combination of water and propylene glycol. In some embodiments, the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is dissolved in a combination of ethanol and propylene glycol.

In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate from about 0.005% to about 10% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride or chlorobutanol.

In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate from about 0.005% to about 10% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises benzalkonium chloride at a concentration of from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises benzalkonium chloride at a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises benzalkonium chloride at a concentration of from about 0.05% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises benzalkonium chloride at a concentration of from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate from about 0.01% to about 10% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate from about 0.05% to about 10% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate from about 0.5% to about 10% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate from about 1% to about 10% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate from about 0.005% to about 5% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate from about 0.01% to about 2% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride.

In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate from about 0.005% to about 10% (w/v) of chlorobutanol. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.05% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate from about 0.01% to about 10% (w/v) of chlorobutanol. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate from about 0.05% to about 10% (w/v) of chlorobutanol. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate from about 0.5% to about 10% (w/v) of chlorobutanol. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate from about 1% to about 10% (w/v) of chlorobutanol. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate from about 0.005% to about 5% (w/v) of chlorobutanol. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate from about 0.01% to about 2% (w/v) of chlorobutanol. In some embodiments, the droplets comprise in aggregate about 2.1% (w/v) of chlorobutanol.

In some embodiments, the isotonicity agent is present at a concentration of from about 0.1% to about 5% (w/v). In some embodiments, the isotonicity agent is sodium chloride.

In an aspect provided herein, the spray is delivered from a device. In some embodiments, the device is pre-primed.

In an aspect provided herein, the spray takes the shape of a round plume. In some embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 2.0. In some embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.9. In some embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.8. In some embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.7. In some embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.6. In some embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.5. In some embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.4. In some embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.3. In some embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.2. In some embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.1. In some embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.0. In some embodiments, the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio of at least about 1.0, at least about 1.1, at least about 1.2, at least about 1.3, at least about 1.4, at least about 1.5, and/or no more than about 2.0, no more than about 1.9, no more than about 1.8, no more than about 1.7, no more than about 1.6, no more than about 1.5, no more than about 1.4, no more than about 1.4, no more than about 1.3, no more than about 1.2, or no more than about 1.1.

In an aspect provided herein, the ovality ratio of the spray is measured at a distance of from about 1 cm to about 10 cm from the device from which the spray is delivered. In an aspect provided herein, the ovality ratio of the spray is measured at a distance of from about 1 cm to about 5 cm from the device from which the spray is delivered. In an aspect provided herein, the ovality ratio of the spray is measured at a distance of from about 3 cm to about 6 cm from the device from which the spray is delivered. In an aspect provided herein, the ovality ratio of the spray is measured at a distance of about 3 cm from the device from which the spray is delivered. In an aspect provided herein, the ovality ratio of the spray is measured at a distance of about 5 cm from the device from which the spray is delivered. In an embodiment, the spray is measured from a nozzle, such as a spray nozzle, on the device from which the spray is delivered.

In an aspect provided herein, the droplets of the spray have a median droplet size of from about 10 m to about 120 μm. In some embodiments, no more than about 10% of the droplets have a diameter less than about 10 μm. In some embodiments, no more than approximately 5% of the droplets have a diameter less than about 10 μm. In some embodiments, no more than approximately 2% of the droplets have a diameter less than about 10 μm. In some embodiments, approximately 50% of the droplets have a diameter of from about 10 μm to about 120 μm. In some embodiments, approximately 50% of the droplets have a diameter of from about 10 μm to about 60 μm. In some embodiments, approximately 90% of the droplets have a diameter less than about 120 μm.

In an aspect provided herein, the spray further comprises a stabilizing agent and an acid. In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is disodium edetate. In some embodiments, the acid is hydrochloric acid or citric acid, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the acid is hydrochloric acid. In some embodiments, the acid is citric acid. In some embodiments, the acid is a combination of hydrochloric acid and citric acid.

In an aspect provided herein, the spray further comprises sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite.

In an aspect provided herein, the spray further comprises sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w). In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w). In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w). In some embodiments, the spray further comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the spray further comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w).

In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium bisulfite. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.001% to about 0.05%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.01% to about 0.05%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of about 0.01%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of about 0.02%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of about 0.03%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of about 0.04%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium bisulfite at a concentration of about 0.05%.

In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.001% to about 0.1%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.01% to about 0.1%. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the spray further comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.01%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.02%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.03%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.04%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.05%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.06%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.07%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.08%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.09%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of about 0.1%.

In an aspect provided herein, the spray further comprises disodium edetate. In some embodiments, the spray comprises disodium edetate at a concentration of from about 0.0001% to about 0.01%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises disodium edetate at a concentration of from about 0.0010% to about 0.010%.

In an aspect provided herein, the spray further comprises an antimicrobial preservative. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial preservative is benzalkonium sodium or chlorobutanol. In some embodiments, the spray comprises benzalkonium sodium at a concentration of from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v) or chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.005% to about 1%.

In some embodiments, the spray comprises benzalkonium sodium. In some embodiments, the spray comprises benzalkonium sodium at a concentration of from about 0.005% to about 1%.

In some embodiments, the spray comprises chlorobutanol. In some embodiments, the spray comprises chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.005% to about 1%.

In an aspect provided herein, the spray further comprises sodium chloride. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of from about 0.1% to about 5%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of from about 0.1% to about 1%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of from about 0.5% to about 5%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of from about 1% to about 5%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of from about 2% to about 5%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of from about 3% to about 5%. In some embodiments, the spray comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of from about 4% to about 5%.

In an aspect provided herein, the spray further comprises a vasodilator. In some embodiments, the vasodilator is nitroprusside, phentolamine, or nifedipine.

In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 0.05 mg to about 5 mg of nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 0.1 mg to about 5 mg of nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 0.5 mg to about 5 mg of nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 1 mg to about 5 mg of nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 1 mg to about 4 mg of nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 0.05 mg to about 3 mg of nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 0.5 mg to about 3 mg of nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nitroprusside. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 0.5 mg to about 2 mg of nitroprusside.

In some embodiments, the spray further comprises phentolamine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 1 mg to about 50 mg of phentolamine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises phentolamine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 1 mg to about 40 mg of phentolamine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises phentolamine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 1 mg to about 30 mg of phentolamine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises phentolamine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 1 mg to about 20 mg of phentolamine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises phentolamine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 1 mg to about 10 mg of phentolamine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises phentolamine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 5 mg to about 50 mg of phentolamine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises phentolamine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 10 mg to about 50 mg of phentolamine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises phentolamine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 20 mg to about 50 mg of phentolamine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises phentolamine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 20 mg to about 40 mg of phentolamine.

In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 10 mg to about 500 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 10 mg to about 450 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 10 mg to about 400 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 10 mg to about 350 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 10 mg to about 300 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 10 mg to about 250 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 10 mg to about 200 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 10 mg to about 150 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 10 mg to about 100 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 10 mg to about 75 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 10 mg to about 50 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 10 mg to about 40 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 10 mg to about 30 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 50 mg to about 500 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 100 mg to about 500 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 100 mg to about 400 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 100 mg to about 350 mg of nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises nifedipine. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 100 mg to about 300 mg of nifedipine.

In an aspect provided herein, the spray further comprises a permeability enhancer.

In an aspect provided herein, the spray further comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration of from about 0.05% to about 15%.

In an aspect provided herein, the spray further comprises a viscosity modifier. In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier is polyethylene glycol, methylcellulose, or hypromellose.

In some embodiments, the spray further comprises polyethylene glycol. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 0.5% to about 50% polyethylene glycol.

In some embodiments, the spray further comprises methylcellulose. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 0.001% to about 5% methylcellulose.

In some embodiments, the spray further comprises hypromellose. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose. In some embodiments, the spray further comprises from about 0.05% to about 0.5% hypromellose.

In an aspect provided herein, the spray comprises per 100 μL of solution:

-   -   from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;     -   from about 0.1 mg to about 2 mg sodium chloride;     -   from about 0.01 mg to about 1 mg benzalkonium chloride;     -   from about 0.1 mg to about 2 mg disodium edetate; and     -   hydrochloric acid or citric acid, or a combination thereof         sufficient to achieve a pH of from about 3.5 to about 6.5.

In some embodiments, the pH of the spray is about 4. In some embodiments, the pH of the spray is about 4.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the spray is about 5. In some embodiments, the pH of the spray is about 5.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the spray is about 6. In some embodiments, the pH of the spray is about 6.5.

In an aspect provided herein, the spray is delivered from a spray nozzle of a pre-primed device, and wherein no more than about 10% of the droplets have a diameter less than 10 μm. In some embodiments, the spray is measured by laser diffraction with beams measuring at both 3 cm and 6 cm from the spray nozzle.

In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation or spray is administered from a unit-dose device or delivery system. In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation or spray is administered from a bi-dose device or delivery system. In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation or spray is administered from a multi-dose device or delivery system.

Pharmacokinetics

In some aspects disclosed herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation provides desirable pharmacokinetic profiles following administration to an individual. In some embodiments, the pharmacokinetic profile comprises a C_(max), a T_(max), an area under curve (AUC), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the administration comprises a single spray. In some embodiments, the administration comprises two sprays. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a spray in each nostril. In some embodiments, the administration comprises one or more sprays from a unit-dose device or delivery system. In some embodiments, the administration comprises one or more sprays from a multi-dose or bi-dose device or delivery system.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a desired pharmacokinetic profile. In some embodiments, administration of the pharmaceutical spray formulation achieves a desired pharmacokinetic profile. In some embodiments, administration of the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises a single spray, or two or more sprays. For example, a bi-dose delivery includes a single spray in each nostrils of an individual. In some embodiments, the desired pharmacokinetic profile is achieved based on the pharmaceutical spray formulation, the delivery of the pharmaceutical spray formulation, or both. In some embodiments, the combination of the delivery device and the pharmaceutical spray formulation achieves one or more sprays that have a desired ovality ratio as described herein. The ovality ratio can affect the pharmacokinetic profile, for example, by increasing the rate of absorption of the spray(s), thereby improving pharmacokinetic parameters such as blood plasma concentration, C_(max), T_(max), and/or AUC of the active ingredient. The pharmaceutical spray formulation may also be formulated to improve absorption such as by including one or more absorption enhancers. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises one or more preservatives, which can include antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, and other types of preservatives that help maintain stability and/or longevity of the formulation. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises one or more buffering agents to maintain an appropriate pH for enhancing stability of the formulation. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to provide pharmacokinetics that is substantially equivalent to that of administration through intramuscular injection.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is formulated to be stable. In some embodiments, at least a minimum percentage of the active ingredient (e.g., epinephrine) remains in the pharmaceutical formulation in an un-degraded state after storage. In some embodiments, a stable pharmaceutical formulation has at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% or more of the active ingredient in an un-degraded state after a period of storage at a given temperature and/or humidity. In some embodiments, the period of storage is at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, at least 6 months, at least 7 months, at least 8 months, at least 9 months, at least 10 months, at least 11 months, or at least 12 months or more. In some embodiments, the humidity is at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% or more. In some embodiments, a stable pharmaceutical formulation has no more than 1%, no more than 2%, no more than 3%, no more than 4%, no more than 5%, no more than 6%, no more than 7%, no more than 8%, no more than 9%, no more than 10%, no more than 15%, or no more than 20% or more impurities after a period of storage at a given temperature and/or humidity. In some embodiments, the impurities comprise degradation products of the active ingredient.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a blood plasma concentration of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 ng/mL, and/or no more than 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 ng/mL within no more than 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 15 minutes. In some embodiments, the desired pharmacokinetic profile is achieved following administration of a single spray of the pharmaceutical spray formulation. In some embodiments, the desired pharmacokinetic profile is achieved following administration of two sprays of the pharmaceutical spray formulation. In some embodiments, the desired pharmacokinetic profile is achieved following administration of two or more sprays of the pharmaceutical spray formulation such as three sprays, four sprays, five sprays, or six sprays. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a target blood plasma concentration within a minimum time period following administration.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a blood plasma concentration within a minimum time period following administration of about 0.1 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the minimum time period is about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a blood plasma concentration within a minimum time period following administration of at least about 0.1 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a blood plasma concentration within a minimum time period following administration of at most about 1 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a blood plasma concentration within a minimum time period following administration of about 0.1 ng/mL to about 0.2 ng/mL, about 0.1 ng/mL to about 0.3 ng/mL, about 0.1 ng/mL to about 0.4 ng/mL, about 0.1 ng/mL to about 0.5 ng/mL, about 0.1 ng/mL to about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.1 ng/mL to about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.1 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.1 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.1 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.3 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.4 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.5 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 0.4 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 0.5 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 0.5 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL to about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL to about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL to about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.7 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.7 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.7 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.8 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.8 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, or about 0.9 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a blood plasma concentration within a minimum time period following administration of about 0.1 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.9 ng/mL, or about 1 ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a blood plasma concentration within a minimum time period following administration of about 1 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the minimum time period is about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a blood plasma concentration within a minimum time period following administration of at least about 1 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a blood plasma concentration within a minimum time period following administration of at most about 40 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a blood plasma concentration within a minimum time period following administration of about 1 ng/mL to about 2 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 4 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 7 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 9 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 4 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 7 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 9 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 4 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 7 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 9 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 7 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 9 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 7 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 9 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 6 ng/mL to about 7 ng/mL, about 6 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 6 ng/mL to about 9 ng/mL, about 6 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 6 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 6 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 9 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 8 ng/mL to about 9 ng/mL, about 8 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 8 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 8 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 9 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 9 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 9 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, or about 20 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a blood plasma concentration within a minimum time period following administration of about 1 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL, about 6 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL, about 8 ng/mL, about 9 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL, or about 40 ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a blood plasma concentration after a minimum time period following administration. In some embodiments, the minimum time period is at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 110, at least 120, at least 130, at least 140, or at least 150 minutes.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a blood plasma concentration after a minimum time period following administration of about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a blood plasma concentration after a minimum time period following administration of at least about 1 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a blood plasma concentration after a minimum time period following administration of at most about 10 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a blood plasma concentration after a minimum time period following administration of about 1 ng/mL to about 1.5 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 2 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 2.5 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 3.5 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 4 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 4.5 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 2 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 2.5 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 3.5 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 4 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 4.5 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 2.5 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 3.5 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 4 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 4.5 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL to about 3.5 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL to about 4 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL to about 4.5 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 3.5 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 4 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 4.5 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 3.5 ng/mL to about 4 ng/mL, about 3.5 ng/mL to about 4.5 ng/mL, about 3.5 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL, about 3.5 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 3.5 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 3.5 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 4.5 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 4.5 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL, about 4.5 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 4.5 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 4.5 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 6 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 6 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, or about 8 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a blood plasma concentration after a minimum time period following administration of about 1 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL, about 3.5 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL, about 4.5 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL, about 6 ng/mL, about 8 ng/mL, or about 10 ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a C_(max) of about 0.1 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a C_(max) of at least about 0.1 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a C_(max) of at most about 1 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a C_(max) of about 0.1 ng/mL to about 0.2 ng/mL, about 0.1 ng/mL to about 0.3 ng/mL, about 0.1 ng/mL to about 0.4 ng/mL, about 0.1 ng/mL to about 0.5 ng/mL, about 0.1 ng/mL to about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.1 ng/mL to about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.1 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.1 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.1 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.3 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.4 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.5 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 0.4 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 0.5 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 0.5 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL to about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL to about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL to about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.7 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.7 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.7 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.8 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.8 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, or about 0.9 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a C_(max) of about 0.1 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.9 ng/mL, or about 1 ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a C_(max) of about 1 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a C_(max) of at least about 1 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a C_(max) of at most about 40 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a C_(max) of about 1 ng/mL to about 2 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 4 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 7 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 9 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 4 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 7 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 9 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 4 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 7 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 9 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 7 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 9 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 6 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 7 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 9 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 6 ng/mL to about 7 ng/mL, about 6 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 6 ng/mL to about 9 ng/mL, about 6 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 6 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 6 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 8 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 9 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 8 ng/mL to about 9 ng/mL, about 8 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 8 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 8 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 9 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 9 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 9 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, or about 20 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a C_(max) of about 1 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL, about 3 ng/mL, about 4 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL, about 6 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL, about 8 ng/mL, about 9 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL, or about 40 ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a T_(max) of no more than 10 seconds, 20 seconds, 30 seconds, 40 seconds, 50 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 6 minutes, 7 minutes, 8 minutes, 9 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, or 20 minutes. In some embodiments, administration of the pharmaceutical spray formulation achieves a T_(max) of at least 10 seconds, 20 seconds, 30 seconds, 40 seconds, 50 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 6 minutes, 7 minutes, 8 minutes, 9 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, or 20 minutes.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a T_(max) of about 0.1 min to about 10 min. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a T_(max) of at least about 0.1 min. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a T_(max) of at most about 10 min. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a T_(max) of about 0.1 min to about 0.2 min, about 0.1 min to about 0.4 min, about 0.1 min to about 0.6 min, about 0.1 min to about 0.8 min, about 0.1 min to about 1 min, about 0.1 min to about 2 min, about 0.1 min to about 4 min, about 0.1 min to about 5 min, about 0.1 min to about 6 min, about 0.1 min to about 8 min, about 0.1 min to about 10 min, about 0.2 min to about 0.4 min, about 0.2 min to about 0.6 min, about 0.2 min to about 0.8 min, about 0.2 min to about 1 min, about 0.2 min to about 2 min, about 0.2 min to about 4 min, about 0.2 min to about 5 min, about 0.2 min to about 6 min, about 0.2 min to about 8 min, about 0.2 min to about 10 min, about 0.4 min to about 0.6 min, about 0.4 min to about 0.8 min, about 0.4 min to about 1 min, about 0.4 min to about 2 min, about 0.4 min to about 4 min, about 0.4 min to about 5 min, about 0.4 min to about 6 min, about 0.4 min to about 8 min, about 0.4 min to about 10 min, about 0.6 min to about 0.8 min, about 0.6 min to about 1 min, about 0.6 min to about 2 min, about 0.6 min to about 4 min, about 0.6 min to about 5 min, about 0.6 min to about 6 min, about 0.6 min to about 8 min, about 0.6 min to about 10 min, about 0.8 min to about 1 min, about 0.8 min to about 2 min, about 0.8 min to about 4 min, about 0.8 min to about 5 min, about 0.8 min to about 6 min, about 0.8 min to about 8 min, about 0.8 min to about 10 min, about 1 min to about 2 min, about 1 min to about 4 min, about 1 min to about 5 min, about 1 min to about 6 min, about 1 min to about 8 min, about 1 min to about 10 min, about 2 min to about 4 min, about 2 min to about 5 min, about 2 min to about 6 min, about 2 min to about 8 min, about 2 min to about 10 min, about 4 min to about 5 min, about 4 min to about 6 min, about 4 min to about 8 min, about 4 min to about 10 min, about 5 min to about 6 min, about 5 min to about 8 min, about 5 min to about 10 min, about 6 min to about 8 min, about 6 min to about 10 min, or about 8 min to about 10 min. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve a T_(max) of about 0.1 min, about 0.2 min, about 0.4 min, about 0.6 min, about 0.8 min, about 1 min, about 2 min, about 4 min, about 5 min, about 6 min, about 8 min, or about 10 min.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve an AUC of about 0.1 ng·h/mL to about 50 ng·h/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve an AUC of at least about 0.1 ng·h/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve an AUC of at most about 50 ng·h/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve an AUC of about 0.1 ng·h/mL to about 0.5 ng·h/mL, about 0.1 ng·h/mL to about 1 ng·h/mL, about 0.1 ng·h/mL to about 2 ng·h/mL, about 0.1 ng·h/mL to about 4 ng·h/mL, about 0.1 ng·h/mL to about 6 ng·h/mL, about 0.1 ng·h/mL to about 8 ng·h/mL, about 0.1 ng·h/mL to about 10 ng·h/mL, about 0.1 ng·h/mL to about 20 ng·h/mL, about 0.1 ng·h/mL to about 30 ng·h/mL, about 0.1 ng·h/mL to about 40 ng·h/mL, about 0.1 ng·h/mL to about 50 ng·h/mL, about 0.5 ng·h/mL to about 1 ng·h/mL, about 0.5 ng·h/mL to about 2 ng·h/mL, about 0.5 ng·h/mL to about 4 ng·h/mL, about 0.5 ng·h/mL to about 6 ng·h/mL, about 0.5 ng·h/mL to about 8 ng·h/mL, about 0.5 ng·h/mL to about 10 ng·h/mL, about 0.5 ng·h/mL to about 20 ng·h/mL, about 0.5 ng·h/mL to about 30 ng·h/mL, about 0.5 ng·h/mL to about 40 ng·h/mL, about 0.5 ng·h/mL to about 50 ng·h/mL, about 1 ng·h/mL to about 2 ng·h/mL, about 1 ng·h/mL to about 4 ng·h/mL, about 1 ng·h/mL to about 6 ng·h/mL, about 1 ng·h/mL to about 8 ng·h/mL, about 1 ng·h/mL to about 10 ng·h/mL, about 1 ng·h/mL to about 20 ng·h/mL, about 1 ng·h/mL to about 30 ng·h/mL, about 1 ng·h/mL to about 40 ng·h/mL, about 1 ng·h/mL to about 50 ng·h/mL, about 2 ng·h/mL to about 4 ng·h/mL, about 2 ng·h/mL to about 6 ng·h/mL, about 2 ng·h/mL to about 8 ng·h/mL, about 2 ng·h/mL to about 10 ng·h/mL, about 2 ng·h/mL to about 20 ng·h/mL, about 2 ng·h/mL to about 30 ng·h/mL, about 2 ng·h/mL to about 40 ng·h/mL, about 2 ng·h/mL to about 50 ng·h/mL, about 4 ng·h/mL to about 6 ng·h/mL, about 4 ng·h/mL to about 8 ng·h/mL, about 4 ng·h/mL to about 10 ng·h/mL, about 4 ng·h/mL to about 20 ng·h/mL, about 4 ng·h/mL to about 30 ng·h/mL, about 4 ng·h/mL to about 40 ng·h/mL, about 4 ng·h/mL to about 50 ng·h/mL, about 6 ng·h/mL to about 8 ng·h/mL, about 6 ng·h/mL to about 10 ng·h/mL, about 6 ng·h/mL to about 20 ng·h/mL, about 6 ng·h/mL to about 30 ng·h/mL, about 6 ng·h/mL to about 40 ng·h/mL, about 6 ng·h/mL to about 50 ng·h/mL, about 8 ng·h/mL to about 10 ng·h/mL, about 8 ng·h/mL to about 20 ng·h/mL, about 8 ng·h/mL to about 30 ng·h/mL, about 8 ng·h/mL to about 40 ng·h/mL, about 8 ng·h/mL to about 50 ng·h/mL, about 10 ng·h/mL to about 20 ng·h/mL, about 10 ng·h/mL to about 30 ng·h/mL, about 10 ng·h/mL to about 40 ng·h/mL, about 10 ng·h/mL to about 50 ng·h/mL, about 20 ng·h/mL to about 30 ng·h/mL, about 20 ng·h/mL to about 40 ng·h/mL, about 20 ng·h/mL to about 50 ng·h/mL, about 30 ng·h/mL to about 40 ng·h/mL, about 30 ng·h/mL to about 50 ng·h/mL, or about 40 ng·h/mL to about 50 ng·h/mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical spray formulation is formulated to achieve an AUC of about 0.1 ng·h/mL, about 0.5 ng·h/mL, about 1 ng·h/mL, about 2 ng·h/mL, about 4 ng·h/mL, about 6 ng·h/mL, about 8 ng·h/mL, about 10 ng·h/mL, about 20 ng·h/mL, about 30 ng·h/mL, about 40 ng·h/mL, or about 50 ng·h/mL.

In some embodiments, intranasal administration of the pharmaceutical spray formulation produces an epinephrine plasma concentration that is at least 5% higher, at least 10% higher, at least 15% higher, at least 20% higher, at least 25% higher, at least 30% higher, at least 35% higher, at least 40% higher, at least 45% higher, at least 50% higher, at least 60% higher, at least 70% higher, at least 80% higher, at least 90% higher, at least 100% higher, at least 150% higher, at least 200% higher, at least 250% higher, at least 300% higher, at least 350% higher, at least 400% higher, at least 450% higher, at least 500% higher, at least 600% higher, at least 700% higher, at least 800% higher, at least 900% higher, or at least 1000% higher than by injection using a commercially available delivery device (e.g., an EpiPen) after about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, or about 15 minutes following administration. In some embodiments, intranasal administration of the pharmaceutical spray formulation results in epinephrine plasma concentrations having a relative standard deviation of no more than about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or no more than about 100% based on plasma concentrations measured within 15 minutes (inclusive) following administration. In some embodiments, intranasal administration of the pharmaceutical spray formulation results in epinephrine plasma concentrations having a relative standard deviation that is lower than by injection using a commercially available delivery device based on plasma concentration measured within 15 minutes (inclusive) following administration. In some embodiments, the plasma concentrations are measured at 1 minute and two or more later time points within 15 minutes (inclusive).

III. Methods of Use

In another aspect is provided a method of treating anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction, and/or bronchial constriction, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical spray formulation or a spray as described herein, including embodiments.

In an aspect provided herein is a method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical spray formulation or a spray as described herein, including embodiments.

In an aspect provided herein is a method of treating anaphylaxis- or anaphylactic shock-induced respiratory depression or distress, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical spray formulation or a spray as described herein, including embodiments.

In another aspect is provided a method of treating anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction, and/or bronchial constriction, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a pre-primed device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein:

-   -   (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery;     -   (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is         delivered; and     -   (iii) the pharmaceutical solution comprises from about 0.5 mg to         about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable         salt thereof, an isotonicity agent, and from about 0.005% to         about 1% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 0.5 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 1 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 2 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 3 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 4 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 5 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 6 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 7 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 8 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 9 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 10 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 15 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 20 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 25 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 30 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 35 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 40 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 45 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 50 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 55 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 60 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 65 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 70 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 75 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 80 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 85 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 90 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 95 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the spray delivers from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solution comprises from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 0.5 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 1 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 2 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 3 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 4 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 5 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 6 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 7 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 8 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 9 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 10 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 15 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 20 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 25 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 30 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 35 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 40 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 45 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 50 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 55 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 60 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 65 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 70 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 75 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 80 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 85 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 90 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 95 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the spray delivers about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the plasma concentration versus time curve of epinephrine in the subject has a t_(max) of less than from about 10 minutes to about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the plasma concentration versus time curve of epinephrine in the subject has a t_(max) of about 5 minutes to about 50 minutes. In some embodiments, the plasma concentration versus time curve of epinephrine in the subject has a t_(max) of about 5 minutes to about 10 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 15 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 15 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 50 minutes, or about 40 minutes to about 50 minutes. In some embodiments, the plasma concentration versus time curve of epinephrine in the subject has a t_(max) of about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, or about 50 minutes. In some embodiments, the plasma concentration versus time curve of epinephrine in the subject has a t_(max) of at least about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, or about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the plasma concentration versus time curve of epinephrine in the subject has a t_(max) of at most about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, or about 50 minutes.

In some embodiments, a therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is achieved within 15 minutes, 14 minutes, 13 minutes, 12 minutes, 11 minutes, 10 minutes, 9 minutes, 8 minutes, 7 minutes, 6 minutes, 5 minutes, 4 minutes, 3 minutes, 2 minutes, or 1 minute following administration to the subject. In some embodiments, a therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is achieved in less than 20 minutes following administration to the subject. In some embodiments, a therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is achieved in less than 15 minutes following administration to the subject. In some embodiments, a therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is achieved in less than 10 minutes following administration to the subject. In some embodiments, a therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is achieved in less than 5 minutes following administration to the subject.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is about 500 pg/mL of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is about 450 pg/mL of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is about 400 pg/mL of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is about 350 pg/mL of epinephrine. In embodiments, the therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is about 300 pg/mL of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the subject has a maximum plasma concentration (C_(max)) of from about 50 pg/mL to about 500 pg/mL of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the area under a plasma concentration-time curve of epinephrine in the subject is from about 5 ng/minute/mL to about 50 ng/minute/mL.

In some embodiments, the device comprises a plunger that houses a container closure comprising:

-   -   (i) a vial comprising an opening;     -   (ii) a cannula; and     -   (iii) a rubber stopper; wherein the stopper is configured to         occlude the opening of the vial, and wherein the cannula is         configured such that the cannula can pierce the stopper when the         plunger applies sufficient force to the cannula.

In some embodiments, the pre-primed device is actuatable with one hand. In some embodiments, the device is a single-dose device. In some embodiments, the device is a bi-dose device. In some embodiments, the volume of the reservoir is not more than about 140 μL. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing approximately 125 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. In some embodiments, approximately 100 μL of the pharmaceutical solution is delivered by one actuation of the device. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from about 75 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from about 100 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from about 150 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. In some embodiments, the single-dose device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 75 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 75 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 100 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 100 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 225 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 225 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 200 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 175 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 175 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 175 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 150 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 150 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device delivers one spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the first reservoir and one spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the second reservoir.

In some embodiments, delivery time of the pharmaceutical solution is less than about 25 seconds. In some embodiments, the delivery time of the pharmaceutical solution is less than about 20 seconds.

In some embodiments, less than about 20% of the pharmaceutical solution leaves the nasal cavity via drainage into the nasopharynx or externally. In some embodiments, less than about 10% of the pharmaceutical solution leaves the nasal cavity via drainage into the nasopharynx or externally. In some embodiments, less than about 5% of the pharmaceutical solution leaves the nasal cavity via drainage into the nasopharynx or externally.

In some embodiments, the subject is suffering from a severe allergic reaction from exposure or suspected exposure to an allergen. In some embodiments, the allergen is food, medication, or an insect bite or sting. In some embodiments, the allergen is an airborne allergen.

In some embodiments, the subject exhibits one or more symptoms chosen from: respiratory depression or distress, airway constriction, wheezing, tingling hands, feet, mouth, or scalp, shortness of breath, swelling or inflammation of the face, eyes, lips, tongue, or throat, hives, central nervous system depression, cardiovascular depression, altered level consciousness, mydriatic pupils, hypoxemia, hypotension, unresponsiveness to stimulus, unconsciousness, stopped breathing, erratic or stopped pulse, and vomiting. In some embodiments, the subject exhibits respiratory depression or distress, or cardiovascular depression. In some embodiments, the subject exhibits respiratory depression. In some embodiments, the subject exhibits respiratory distress. In some embodiments, the subject exhibits cardiovascular depression.

In some embodiments, the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 1 hour following treatment comprising delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 2 hours following treatment comprising delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 4 hours following treatment comprising delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 6 hours following treatment comprising delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the subject is in a lying, supine, or recovery position.

In some embodiments, a single spray in the nostril yields a plasma concentration of ≥0.2 ng/mL within 2.5 minutes in the subject. In some embodiments, a single spray in the nostril yields a plasma concentration of ≥1 ng/mL within 5 minutes in the subject. In some embodiments, a single spray in the nostril yields a plasma concentration of ≥3 ng/mL within 10 minutes in the subject. In some embodiments, a single spray in the nostril yields a plasma concentration of ≥0.2 ng/mL within 2.5 minutes in the subject. In some embodiments, a single spray in the nostril yields a plasma concentration 1 ng/mL within 5 minutes in the subject. In some embodiments, a single spray in the nostril yields a plasma concentration 1 ng/mL within 5 minutes in the subject.

In some embodiments, the nasal spray administration described herein provides rapid absorption of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the nasal spray administration described herein provides absorption of epinephrine that is substantially equivalent to that of intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. In some embodiments, the nasal spray administration described herein provides pharmacokinetics that is substantially equivalent to that of intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. In some embodiments, described herein are methods of administration of a nasal spray to a subject having congested and/or inflamed nasal passageways, thereby providing rapid absorption of epinephrine. For example, experimental data provided herein indicate congestion enhances absorption, providing a surprising benefit. In some embodiments, a single spray in the nostril within about 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 minutes of administration yields a plasma concentration of at least about 0.2 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL. In some embodiments, a single spray in the nostril within about 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 minutes of administration yields a plasma concentration of at least about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.3 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.4 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.5 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 1.5 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 2 ng/mL, about 0.2 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 0.4 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 0.5 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 1.5 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 2 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 0.5 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 1.5 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 2 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL to about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL to about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL to about 1.5 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL to about 2 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL to about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL to about 1.5 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL to about 2 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, about 0.7 ng/mL to about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.7 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.7 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.7 ng/mL to about 1.5 ng/mL, about 0.7 ng/mL to about 2 ng/mL, about 0.7 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, about 0.8 ng/mL to about 0.9 ng/mL, about 0.8 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.8 ng/mL to about 1.5 ng/mL, about 0.8 ng/mL to about 2 ng/mL, about 0.8 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, about 0.9 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL, about 0.9 ng/mL to about 1.5 ng/mL, about 0.9 ng/mL to about 2 ng/mL, about 0.9 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 1.5 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 2 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 2 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, or about 2 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL. In some embodiments, a single spray in the nostril within about 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 minutes of administration yields a plasma concentration of at least about 0.2 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.9 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL, or about 3 ng/mL. In some embodiments, a single spray in the nostril within about 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 minutes of administration yields a plasma concentration of at least at least about 0.2 ng/mL, about 0.3 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.9 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL, or about 2 ng/mL. In some embodiments, a single spray in the nostril within about 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 minutes of administration yields a plasma concentration of at least at most about 0.3 ng/mL, about 0.4 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL, about 0.6 ng/mL, about 0.7 ng/mL, about 0.8 ng/mL, about 0.9 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL, or about 3 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the plasma concentration described herein refers to average plasma concentration (e.g., a mean or median concentration determined for multiple sprays in one or both nostrils in a subject, or sprays in multiple subjects).

In an aspect provided herein is a method of treating anaphylaxis- or anaphylactic shock-induced respiratory depression or distress, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a pre-primed device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof in a manner that delivers the pharmaceutical solution in a round spray plume with an ovality ratio less than about 2.0 when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the pre-primed device, wherein:

-   -   (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery;     -   (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is         delivered; and the pharmaceutical solution comprises from about         0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically         acceptable salt thereof, an isotonicity agent, and from about         0.005% to about 1% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride.

In some embodiments, the round spray plume has an ovality ratio less than about 2.0. In some embodiments, the round spray plume has an ovality ratio less than about 1.9. In some embodiments, the round spray plume has an ovality ratio less than about 1.8. In some embodiments, the round spray plume has an ovality ratio less than about 1.7. In some embodiments, the round spray plume has an ovality ratio less than about 1.6. In some embodiments, the round spray plume has an ovality ratio less than about 1.5. In some embodiments, the round spray plume has an ovality ratio less than about 1.4. In some embodiments, the round spray plume has an ovality ratio less than about 1.3. In some embodiments, the round spray plume has an ovality ratio less than about 1.2. In some embodiments, the round spray plume has an ovality ratio less than about 1.1. In some embodiments, the round spray plume has an ovality ratio less than about 1.0.

In some embodiments, the ovality ratio of the spray is measured at a distance of from about 1 cm to about 5 cm from the device from which the spray is delivered.

In an aspect provided herein is a method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein:

-   -   (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery;     -   (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is         delivered; and     -   (iii) the pharmaceutical solution comprises from about 0.5 mg to         about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable         salt thereof, an isotonicity agent, and from about 0.005% to         about 1% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride.

In some embodiments provided herein is a method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2.0% trisodium citrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments provided herein is a method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 5% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, from about 0.05% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% trisodium citrate, and from about 0.5% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments provided herein is a method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments provided herein is a method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1% sodium chloride, from about 0.05% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.1% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments provided herein is a method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments provided herein is a method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments provided herein is a method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments provided herein is a method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the subject in need thereof is an adult. In some embodiments, the subject in need thereof is a child. In some embodiments, the subject in need thereof weighs from about 10 lbs to about 80 lbs.

IV. Device

In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical solution is administered from a unit-dose device or delivery system. In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical solution is administered from a bi-dose device or delivery system. In an aspect provided herein, the pharmaceutical solution is administered from a multi-dose device or delivery system.

In some embodiments, the device comprises: a reservoir containing at least two doses of fluid; a dispenser member, such as a piston, that is mounted to slide in said reservoir so as to dispense the fluid; a dispenser head that is provided with a dispenser orifice, said head being movable relative to said reservoir so as to move said actuator member in said reservoir and thus dispense the fluid through said dispenser orifice; said dispenser head including at least two viewing windows, said device including an indicator that is movable together with said reservoir, said indicator co-operating with a respective viewing window after each actuation of the device. In some embodiments, said indicator comprises at least one colored indication zone, said indication zone appearing in said first viewing window after the first dose of fluid has been dispensed, and in the second viewing window after the second dose of fluid has been dispensed. In some embodiments, said indicator is adapted to mask colored indication zones that are provided in said dispenser head, said indicator masking a colored indication zone in said first viewing window after the first dose of fluid has been dispensed, and masking a colored indication zone in said second viewing window after the second dose of fluid has been dispensed. In some embodiments, said indicator is adapted to indicate, through at least one viewing window, that an incomplete dose has been dispensed. In some embodiments, the device is held between the second and the third fingers with the thumb on the actuator. In some embodiments, a pressure point mechanism is incorporated in the device to secure reproducibility of the actuation force and emitted plume characteristics. In some embodiments, a cap is incorporated in the device. In some embodiments, a trigger guard on the actuator is incorporated in the device. In some embodiments, a window is incorporated in the device to view the fluid in the reservoir. In some embodiments, a dose meter is incorporated in the device. In some embodiments, a mechanism is incorporated in the device to lock the device and prevent a second actuation of the device. In some embodiments, a timing mechanism is incorporated in the device to lock the device and prevent a second actuation of the device after a specified period of time.

An illustrative diagram of a device is shown in FIG. 17 . The device as shown has a tip 1701 for dispensing the pharmaceutical spray formulation, a cannula 1702 that is coupled to the tip and transports the formulation or solution from the reservoir 1705. Upon actuation of the device, a needle 1703 pierces a seal (e.g., polymeric or elastomeric seal) 1704 to enter the reservoir 1705 to access the pharmaceutical spray formulation stored as a solution within.

In some embodiments, the device is a single-dose device. In some embodiments, the device is a bi-dose device. In some embodiments, the volume of the reservoir is not more than about 140 μL. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing approximately 125 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. In some embodiments, approximately 100 μL of the pharmaceutical solution is delivered by one actuation of the device. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from about 75 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from about 100 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the device has a single reservoir containing from about 150 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. In some embodiments, the single-dose device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 75 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 75 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 100 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 100 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 225 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 225 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 200 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 175 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 175 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 175 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 150 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 150 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device delivers one spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the first reservoir and one spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the second reservoir.

In some embodiments described herein, a bi-dose device adapted for nasal delivery of a pharmaceutical composition to a patient comprises a first volume of a pharmaceutical formulation in a first reservoir, and a second volume of said pharmaceutical formulation in a second reservoir, and wherein said therapeutically effective amount of said pharmaceutical formulation is delivered essentially by a first actuation of said drug delivery device from said first reservoir into a nostril of a patient and a second actuation of said drum delivery device from said second reservoir into a nostril of said patient. In some embodiments, the bi-dose device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, each reservoir of the pre-primed, bi-dose device adapted for nasal delivers of a pharmaceutical composition to a patient comprises between about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine.

In some embodiments of the device described herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2.0% trisodium citrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments of the device described herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 1% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.10% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.0010% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2.0% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments of the device described herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 5% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, from about 0.05% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% trisodium citrate, and from about 0.5% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments of the device described herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises from about 5% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.10% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, from about 0.010% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.1% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments of the device described herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments of the device described herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments of the device described herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments of the device described herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments of the device described herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments of the device described herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments of the device described herein, the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

In some embodiments, the formulation devices and methods described herein include a digital processing device or use of the same. In further embodiments, the digital processing device includes one or more hardware central processing units (CPUs) or general purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs) that carry out the device's functions. In still further embodiments, the digital processing device further comprises an operating system configured to perform executable instructions. In some embodiments, the digital processing device is optionally connected to a computer network. In further embodiments, the digital processing device is optionally connected to the Internet such that it accesses the World Wide Web. In still further embodiments, the digital processing device is optionally connected to a cloud computing infrastructure. In other embodiments, the digital processing device is optionally connected to an intranet. In other embodiments, the digital processing device is optionally connected to a data storage device.

In accordance with the description herein, suitable digital processing devices include, by way of non-limiting examples, server computers, desktop computers, laptop computers, notebook computers, sub-notebook computers, netbook computers, netpad computers, set-top computers, media streaming devices, handheld computers, Internet appliances, mobile smartphones, tablet computers, personal digital assistants, video game consoles, and vehicles. Those of skill in the art will recognize that many smartphones are suitable for use in the system described herein. Those of skill in the art will also recognize that select televisions, video players, and digital music players with optional computer network connectivity are suitable for use in the system described herein. Suitable tablet computers include those with booklet, slate, and convertible configurations, known to those of skill in the art.

In some embodiments, the digital processing device includes an operating system configured to perform executable instructions. The operating system is, for example, software, including programs and data, which manages the device's hardware and provides services for execution of applications.

In some embodiments, the device includes a storage and/or memory device. The storage and/or memory device is one or more physical apparatuses used to store data or programs on a temporary or permanent basis. In some embodiments, the device is volatile memory and requires power to maintain stored information. In some embodiments, the device is non-volatile memory and retains stored information when the digital processing device is not powered. In further embodiments, the non-volatile memory comprises flash memory. In some embodiments, the non-volatile memory comprises dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). In some embodiments, the non-volatile memory comprises ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM). In some embodiments, the non-volatile memory comprises phase-change random access memory (PRAM). In other embodiments, the device is a storage device including, by way of non-limiting examples, CD-ROMs, DVDs, flash memory devices, magnetic disk drives, magnetic tapes drives, optical disk drives, and cloud computing based storage. In further embodiments, the storage and/or memory device is a combination of devices such as those disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the digital processing device includes a display to send visual information to a user.

In some embodiments, the digital processing device includes an input device to receive information from a user. In some embodiments, the input device is a keyboard. In some embodiments, the input device is a pointing device including, by way of non-limiting examples, a mouse, trackball, track pad, joystick, game controller, or stylus. In some embodiments, the input device is a touch screen or a multi-touch screen. In other embodiments, the input device is a microphone to capture voice or other sound input. In other embodiments, the input device is a video camera or other sensor to capture motion or visual input. In further embodiments, the input device is a Kinect, Leap Motion, or the like. In still further embodiments, the input device is a combination of devices such as those disclosed herein.

Computer Program

In some embodiments, the platforms, systems, media, and methods disclosed herein include at least one computer program, or use of the same. A computer program includes a sequence of instructions, executable in the digital processing device's CPU, written to perform a specified task. Computer readable instructions may be implemented as program modules, such as functions, objects, Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), data structures, and the like, that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. In light of the disclosure provided herein, those of skill in the art will recognize that a computer program may be written in various versions of various languages.

The functionality of the computer readable instructions may be combined or distributed as desired in various environments. In some embodiments, a computer program comprises one sequence of instructions. In some embodiments, a computer program comprises a plurality of sequences of instructions. In some embodiments, a computer program is provided from one location. In other embodiments, a computer program is provided from a plurality of locations. In various embodiments, a computer program includes one or more software modules. In various embodiments, a computer program includes, in part or in whole, one or more web applications, one or more mobile applications, one or more standalone applications, one or more web browser plug-ins, extensions, add-ins, or add-ons, or combinations thereof.

Mobile Application

In some embodiments, a computer program includes a mobile application provided to a digital processing device or a portable device. In some embodiments, the mobile application is provided to a mobile digital processing device at the time it is manufactured. In other embodiments, the mobile application is provided to a mobile digital processing device via the computer network described herein.

Software Modules

In some embodiments, the platforms, systems, media, and methods disclosed herein include software, server, and/or database modules, or use of the same. In view of the disclosure provided herein, software modules are created by techniques known to those of skill in the art using machines, software, and languages known to the art. The software modules disclosed herein are implemented in a multitude of ways. In various embodiments, a software module comprises a file, a section of code, a programming object, a programming structure, or combinations thereof. In further various embodiments, a software module comprises a plurality of files, a plurality of sections of code, a plurality of programming objects, a plurality of programming structures, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments, the one or more software modules comprise, by way of non-limiting examples, a web application, a mobile application, and a standalone application. In some embodiments, software modules are in one computer program or application. In other embodiments, software modules are in more than one computer program or application. In some embodiments, software modules are hosted on one machine. In other embodiments, software modules are hosted on more than one machine. In further embodiments, software modules are hosted on cloud computing platforms. In some embodiments, software modules are hosted on one or more machines in one location. In other embodiments, software modules are hosted on one or more machines in more than one location.

Databases

In some embodiments, the platforms, systems, media, and methods disclosed herein include one or more databases, or use of the same. In view of the disclosure provided herein, those of skill in the art will recognize that many databases are suitable for storage and retrieval of information such as geological information and administration information. In various embodiments, suitable databases include, by way of non-limiting examples, relational databases, non-relational databases, object oriented databases, object databases, entity-relationship model databases, associative databases, and XML databases. Further non-limiting examples include SQL, PostgreSQL, MySQL, Oracle, DB2, and Sybase. In some embodiments, a database is internet-based. In further embodiments, a database is web-based. In still further embodiments, a database is cloud computing-based. In other embodiments, a database is based on one or more local computer storage devices.

Numbered Embodiments

The following embodiments recite nonlimiting permutations of combinations of features disclosed herein. Other permutations of combinations of features are also contemplated. 1. A pharmaceutical spray formulation comprising from about 0.5% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of epinephrine, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; wherein the pH of the formulation is from about 4.0 to about 6.5. 2. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 1, comprising from about 0.5% to about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 3. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the pH is controlled by the addition of hydrochloric acid, citric acid, or a combination thereof. 4. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 3, wherein the pH is controlled by the addition of hydrochloric acid. 5. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 3, wherein the pH is controlled by the addition of citric acid. 6. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 3, wherein the pH is controlled by the addition of a combination of hydrochloric acid and citric acid. 7. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-6, further comprising sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). 8. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-7, further comprising sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w). 9. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-8, further comprising sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w). 10. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-8, further comprising sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w). 11. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-10, further comprising disodium edetate at a concentration of from about 0.0001% to about 0.01%. 12. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-11, further comprising an antimicrobial preservative. 13. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-12, further comprising an antimicrobial preservative selected from benzalkonium sodium at a concentration of from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v) and chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). 14. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-13, further comprising benzalkonium sodium at a concentration of from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). 15. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-13, further comprising chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). 16. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-15, further comprising sodium chloride at a concentration of from about 0.1% to about 5%. 17. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-16, further comprising a vasodilator. 18. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-17, further comprising a vasodilator selected from about 0.05 mg to about 5 mg of nitroprusside, from about 1 mg to about 50 mg of phentolamine, and from about 10 mg to about 500 mg of nifedipine. 19. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-18, further comprising from about 0.05 mg to about 5 mg of nitroprusside. 20. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-18, further comprising from about 1 mg to about 50 mg of phentolamine. 21. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-18, further comprising from about 10 mg to about 500 mg of nifedipine. 22. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-21, further comprising a permeability enhancer. 23. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-22, further comprising diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration of from about 0.05% to about 15%. 24. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-23, further comprising a viscosity modifier. 25. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 24, wherein the viscosity modifier is from about 0.5% to about 50% polyethylene glycol, from about 0.001% to about 5% methylcellulose, or from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose. 26. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-25, further comprising from about 0.5% to about 50% polyethylene glycol. 27. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-25, further comprising from about 0.001% to about 5% methylcellulose. 28. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-25, further comprising from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose. 29. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-28, further comprising from about 0.01% to about 2.0% trisodium citrate 30. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 1 comprising from about 1% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2.0% trisodium citrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 31. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 30 comprising from about 1% to about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% trisodium citrate, and from about 0.10% to about 2.0% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 32. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 30 comprising from about 5% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, from about 0.05% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% trisodium citrate, and from about 0.5% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 33. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 30 comprising about 2.4% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 34. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 30 comprising about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.10% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 35. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 30 comprising about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 36. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 30 comprising about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.10% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 37. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 30-36, further comprising chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.05% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). 38. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-37, wherein the droplet size of D50 is from about 10 microns to about 100 microns. 39. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-38, wherein the formulation is present in and/or delivered from a device. 40. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 39, wherein the device has an oxygen absorber or scavenger. 41. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 40, wherein the oxygen absorber or scavenger is iron, ferrous carbonate, ascorbate, or sodium bicarbonate. 42. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 39-41, wherein the device has an increased reservoir. 43. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 39-41, wherein the device is a single-dose device. 44. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 39-41, wherein the device is a bi-dose device. 45. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 39-44, wherein the device has a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. 46. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 44, wherein the device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. 47. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-46, wherein the formulation is adapted for dosing by inhalation. 48. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-47, wherein the formulation is adapted for intranasal dosing. 49. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-37, wherein the formulation is adapted for parenteral dosing. 50. A method of treating anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction, and/or bronchial constriction, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 1-49. 51. A spray, comprising droplets, wherein the droplets comprise in aggregate from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, an isotonicity agent, and from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride or from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v) chlorobutanol. 52. The spray of embodiment 51, wherein the spray is delivered from a device. 53. The spray of embodiment 52, wherein the device is a single-dose device. 54. The spray of embodiment 52, wherein the device is a bi-dose device. 55. The spray of any one of embodiments 52-54, wherein the device has a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. 56. The spray of embodiment 54, wherein the device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. 57. The spray of any one of embodiments 52-56, wherein the device is pre-primed. 58. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-57, wherein the isotonicity agent is present in a concentration from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 5% (w/w). 59. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-58, wherein the isotonicity agent is sodium chloride. 60. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-59, wherein the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 2.0. 61. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-59, wherein the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.5. 62. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-59, wherein the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.3. 63. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-59, wherein the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.2. 64. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-59, wherein the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.1. 65. The spray of any one of embodiments 60-64, wherein the ovality ratio of the spray is measured at a distance of from about 1 cm to about 10 cm from the device. 66. The spray of any one of embodiments 60-64, wherein the ovality ratio of the spray is measured at a distance of from about 1 cm to about 5 cm from the device. 67. The spray of any one of embodiments 60-64, wherein the ovality ratio of the spray is measured at a distance of about 3 cm from the device. 68. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-67, wherein the epinephrine is at least 10% bioavailable. 69. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the epinephrine is at least 40% bioavailable. 70. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-69, wherein the epinephrine is at least 50% bioavailable. 71. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-70, wherein the epinephrine is at least 60% bioavailable. 72. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-71, wherein the median droplet size is from about 10 μm to about 120 m. 73. The spray of any one of embodiments 50-71, wherein no more than about 10% of the droplets have a diameter less than about 10 μm. 74. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-72, wherein no more than approximately 5% of the droplets have a diameter less than about 10 μm. 75. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-72, wherein no more than approximately 2% of the droplets have a diameter less than about 10 μm. 76. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-72, wherein approximately 50% of the droplets have a diameter of from about 10 m to about 120 μm. 77. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-72, wherein approximately 50% of the droplets have a diameter of from about 10 μm to about 60 μm. 78. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-72, wherein approximately 90% of the droplets have a diameter less than about 120 μm. 79. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-78, further comprising a stabilizing agent and an acid. 80. The spray of embodiment 79, wherein the stabilizing agent is disodium edetate. 81. The spray of embodiment 79 or 80, wherein the acid is hydrochloric acid or citric acid, or a combination thereof 82. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-81, wherein the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is dissolved in water, ethanol, or propylene glycol, or a combination thereof 83. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-82, further comprising sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w). 84. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-83, further comprising chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). 85. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-84, further comprising a vasodilator. 86. The spray of embodiment 85, wherein the vasodilator is nitroprusside, phentolamine, or nifedipine. 87. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-86, further comprising a permeability enhancer. 88. The spray of embodiment 87, wherein the permeability enhancer is diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 89. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-88, further comprising a viscosity modifier. 90. The spray of embodiment 89, wherein the viscosity modifier is polyethylene glycol, methylcellulose, or hypromellose. 91. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-90, wherein the device comprises at least one oxygen absorber or scavenger. 92. The spray of embodiment 91, wherein the at least one oxygen absorber or scavenger is iron, ferrous carbonate, ascorbate, or sodium bicarbonate, or a combination thereof 93. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-92, wherein the spray comprises per 100 μL of solution: from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; from about 0.1 mg to about 2 mg sodium chloride; from about 0.01 mg to about 1 mg benzalkonium chloride; from about 0.1 mg to about 2 mg disodium edetate; and hydrochloric acid or citric acid, or a combination thereof sufficient to achieve a pH of from about 3.5 to about 6.5. 94. The spray of any one of embodiments 51-93, wherein the spray is delivered from a spray nozzle of a pre-primed device, and wherein no more than about 10% of the droplets have a diameter less than 10 μm. 95. The spray of embodiment 94, wherein the spray is measured by laser diffraction with beams measuring at both 3 cm and 6 cm from the spray nozzle. 96. A method of treating anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction, and/or bronchial constriction, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a pre-primed device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein: (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery; (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered; and (iii) the pharmaceutical solution comprises from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, an isotonicity agent, and from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride. 97. The method of embodiment 96, wherein the device is a single-dose device. 98. The method of any one of embodiment 96, wherein the device is a bi-dose device. 99. The method of any one of embodiments 96-98, wherein the device has a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. 100. The method of embodiment 99, wherein the device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. 101. The method of embodiment 98, wherein the device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. 102. The method of embodiment 101, wherein the device delivers one spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the first reservoir and one spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the second reservoir. 103. The method of any one of embodiments 96-102, wherein the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is dissolved in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof 104. The method of any one of embodiments 96-103, wherein the isotonicity agent is present in a concentration of from about 0.2% (w/w) to about 1.2% (w/v). 105. The method of any one of embodiments 96-104, wherein the pharmaceutical solution further comprises from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v) of a stabilizing agent. 106. The method of any one of embodiments 96-105, wherein the pharmaceutical solution further comprises an amount of an acid sufficient to achieve a pH of from about 3.5 to about 6.5. 107. The method of embodiment 106, wherein the acid is hydrochloric acid or citric acid, or a combination thereof. 108. The method of any one of embodiments 96-107, wherein: the isotonicity agent is sodium chloride; the stabilizing agent is disodium edetate; and the acid is hydrochloric acid or citric acid, or a combination thereof 109. The method of any one of embodiments 96-108 wherein the plasma concentration versus time curve of epinephrine in the subject has a tmax of less than from about 10 minutes to about 120 minutes. 110. The method of any one of embodiments 96-109, wherein the subject has a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of from about 50 pg/mL to about 500 pg/mL of epinephrine. 111. The method of any one of embodiments 96-110, wherein the area under a plasma concentration-time curve of epinephrine in the subject is from about 5 ng/minute/mL to about 50 ng/minute/mL. 112. The method of any one of embodiments 96-111, wherein the device comprises a plunger that houses a container closure comprising: (i) a vial comprising an opening; (ii) a cannula; and (iii) a rubber stopper; wherein the stopper is configured to occlude the opening of the vial, and wherein the cannula is configured such that the cannula can pierce the stopper when the plunger applies sufficient force to the cannula. 113. The method of any one of embodiments 96-112, wherein the spray delivers from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 114. The method of any one of embodiments 96-113, wherein the pre-primed device is actuatable with one hand. 115. The method of any one of embodiments 96-114, wherein the pre-primed device has a single reservoir containing approximately 125 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. 116. The method of any one of embodiments 96-115, wherein approximately 100 μL of the pharmaceutical solution is delivered by one actuation of the device. 117. The method of any one of embodiments 96-116, wherein the volume of the reservoir is not more than about 140 μL. 118. The method of any one of embodiments 96-117, wherein delivery time of the pharmaceutical solution is less than about 25 seconds. 119. The method of any one of embodiments 96-117, wherein delivery time of the pharmaceutical solution is less than about 20 seconds. 120. The method of any one of embodiments 96-119, wherein less than about 20% of the pharmaceutical solution leaves the nasal cavity via drainage into the nasopharynx or externally. 121. The method of any one of embodiments 96-120, wherein less than about 10% of the pharmaceutical solution leaves the nasal cavity via drainage into the nasopharynx or externally. 122. The method of any one of embodiments 96-121, wherein less than about 5% of the pharmaceutical solution leaves the nasal cavity via drainage into the nasopharynx or externally. 123. The method of any one of embodiments 96-122, wherein the subject is suffering from a severe allergic reaction from exposure or suspected exposure to an allergen. 124. The method of embodiment 123, wherein the allergen is food, medication, or an insect bite or sting. 125. The method of any one of embodiments 96-124, wherein the subject exhibits one or more symptoms chosen from: respiratory depression or distress, airway constriction, wheezing, tingling hands, feet, mouth, or scalp, shortness of breath, swelling or inflammation of the face, eyes, lips, tongue, or throat, hives, central nervous system depression, cardiovascular depression, altered level consciousness, mydriatic pupils, hypoxemia, hypotension, unresponsiveness to stimulus, unconsciousness, stopped breathing, erratic or stopped pulse, and vomiting. 126. The method of any one of embodiments 96-125, wherein the subject exhibits respiratory depression or distress, or cardiovascular depression. 127. The method of any one of embodiments 96-126, wherein the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 1 hour following treatment comprising delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 128. The method of any one of embodiments 96-127, wherein the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 2 hours following treatment comprising delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 129. The method of any one of embodiments 96-128, wherein the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 4 hours following treatment comprising delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 130. The method of any one of embodiments 96-129, wherein the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 6 hours following treatment comprising delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 131. The method of any one of embodiments 96-130, wherein the subject is in a lying, supine, or recovery position. 132. The method of any one of embodiments 96-131, wherein a single spray in the nostril yields a plasma concentration of ≥0.2 ng/mL within 2.5 minutes in the subject. 133. The method of any one of embodiments 96-131, wherein a single spray in the nostril yields a plasma concentration of ≥1 ng/mL within 5 minutes in the subject. 134. The method of any one of embodiments 96-131, wherein a single spray in the nostril yields a plasma concentration of ≥3 ng/mL within 10 minutes in the subject. 135. A method of treating anaphylaxis- or anaphylactic shock-induced respiratory depression or distress, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a pre-primed device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof in a manner that delivers the pharmaceutical solution in a round spray plume with an ovality ratio less than about 2.0 when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the pre-primed device, wherein: (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery; (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered; and (iii) the pharmaceutical solution comprises from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, an isotonicity agent, and from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride. 136. The method of embodiment 135, wherein the device is a single-dose device. 137. The method of any one of embodiment 135, wherein the device is a bi-dose device. 138. The method of any one of embodiments 135-137, wherein the device has a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. 139. The method of embodiment 138, wherein the device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. 140. The method of embodiment 138, wherein the device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. 141. The method of embodiment 140, wherein the device delivers one spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the first reservoir and one spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the second reservoir. 142. The method of any one of embodiments 135-141, wherein the ovality ratio is less than about 1.5. 143. The method of any one of embodiments 135-141, wherein the ovality ratio is less than about 1.3. 144. The method of any one of embodiments 135-141, wherein the ovality ratio is less than about 1.2. 145. The method of any one of embodiments 135-141, wherein the ovality ratio is less than about 1.1. 146. The method of any one of embodiments 135-145, wherein the ovality ratio of the spray is measured at a distance from about 1 cm to about 5 cm from the device. 147. A method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein: (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery; (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered; and (iii) the pharmaceutical solution comprises from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, an isotonicity agent, and from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v) of benzalkonium chloride. 148. The method of embodiment 147, wherein the device is a single-dose device. 149. The method of any one of embodiment 147, wherein the device is a bi-dose device. 150. The method of any one of embodiments 147-149, wherein the device has a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. 151. The method of embodiment 150, wherein the device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. 152. The method of embodiment 149, wherein the device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. 153. The method of embodiment 152, wherein the device delivers one spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the first reservoir and one spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the second reservoir. 154. A stable pharmaceutical spray formulation, comprising: (i) from about 1% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; and (ii) one or more excipients, vehicles, emulsifiers, stabilizing agents, preservatives, mucosal adhesives, antibacterial agents, buffers, and/or other additives, wherein the formulation is stable at a temperature of at least about 20° C. and at a relative humidity of at least about 30%, and wherein the formulation is stable for a period of at least about two months. 155. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 154, comprising from about 1% to about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 156. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 154 or 155, wherein the formulation is stable at a temperature of at least about 25° C. 157. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 154 or 155, wherein the formulation is stable at a temperature of at least about 30° C. 158. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-157, wherein the formulation is stable at a temperature of at least about 35° C. 159. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-158, wherein the formulation is stable at a temperature of at least about 40° C. 160. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-159, wherein the formulation is stable at a temperature of at least about 45° C. 161. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-160, wherein the formulation is stable at a relative humidity of at least about 40%. 162. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-161, wherein the formulation is stable at a relative humidity of at least about 50%. 163. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-162, wherein the formulation is stable at a relative humidity of at least about 60%. 164. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-163, wherein the formulation is stable at a relative humidity of at least about 70%. 165. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-164, wherein the formulation is stable at a relative humidity of at least about 80%. 166. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-165, wherein the formulation is stable for a period of at least about six months. 167. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-166, wherein the formulation is stable for a period of at least about 12 months. 168. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-167, wherein the formulation is stable for a period of at least about 18 months. 169. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-168, wherein the formulation is stable for a period of at least about 24 months. 170. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-169, wherein the formulation is stable for a period of at least about 36 months. 171. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-170, wherein the formulation has a viscosity of from about 100 to about 2,500 cP. 172. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-171, wherein the formulation is adapted for dosing by inhalation. 173. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-172, wherein the formulation is adapted for intranasal dosing. 174. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-171, wherein the formulation is adapted for parenteral dosing. 175. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-174, further comprising an isotonicity agent present in a concentration from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 5% (w/w). 176. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 175, wherein the isotonicity agent is sodium chloride. 177. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-176, comprising a stabilizing agent. 178. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 177, wherein the stabilizing agent is disodium edetate. 179. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-178, further comprising an acid sufficient to achieve a pH of from about 3.5 to about 6.5. 180. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 179, wherein the acid is hydrochloric acid or citric acid, or a combination thereof 181. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-180, further comprising sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). 182. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-181, further comprising sodium bisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w) or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w). 183. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-182, further comprising chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). 184. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-183, further comprising further comprising a vasodilator. 185. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 184, wherein the vasodilator is nitroprusside, phentolamine, or nifedipine. 186. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-185, further comprising a permeability enhancer. 187. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 186, wherein the permeability enhancer is diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 188. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-187, further comprising a viscosity modifier. 189. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 188, wherein the viscosity modifier is polyethylene glycol, methylcellulose, or hypromellose. 190. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-189, further comprising trisodium citrate. 191. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 154 comprising from about 1% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2.0% trisodium citrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 192. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 191 comprising from about 1% to about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from about 0.10% to about 1.0% trisodium citrate, and from about 0.10% to about 2.0% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 193. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 191 comprising from about 5% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, from about 0.05% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.10% to about 1.0% trisodium citrate, and from about 0.5% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 194. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 191 comprising about 2.4% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.10% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 10% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 195. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 191 comprising about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 196. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 191 comprising about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 197. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 191 comprising about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.7% trisodium citrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 198. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-197, further comprising chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.05% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). 199. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-198, wherein the formulation is delivered from a device. 200. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 199, wherein the device is a single-dose device. 201. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiment 199, wherein the device is a bi-dose device. 202. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 199-201, wherein the device has a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. 203. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 202, wherein the device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. 204. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 201, wherein the device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. 205. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 204, wherein the device delivers one spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the first reservoir and one spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the second reservoir. 206. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 196-205, wherein the device is pre-primed. 207. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 199-206, wherein the device is suitable for delivering the formulation into the nostril of a subject. 208. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 199-207, wherein the device comprises at least one oxygen absorber or scavenger. 209. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 208, wherein the at least one oxygen absorber or scavenger is iron, ferrous carbonate, ascorbate, or sodium bicarbonate, or a combination thereof 210. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-209, wherein the formulation is delivered as a spray. 211. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 210, wherein the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 2.0. 212. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 210 or 211, wherein the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.5. 213. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 210-212, wherein the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.3. 214. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 210-213, wherein the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.2. 215. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 210-214, wherein the spray takes the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.1. 216. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 210-215, wherein the ovality ratio of the spray is measured at a distance of from about 1 cm to about 10 cm from a device from which the formulation is administered or delivered. 217. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 210-216, wherein the ovality ratio of the spray is measured at a distance of from about 1 cm to about 5 cm from a device from which the formulation is administered or delivered. 218. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 210-217, wherein the ovality ratio of the spray is measured at a distance of about 3 cm from a device from which the formulation is administered or delivered. 219. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-218, wherein the epinephrine is at least 10% bioavailable. 220. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-219, wherein the epinephrine is at least 40% bioavailable. 221. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-220, wherein the epinephrine is at least 50% bioavailable. 222. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-221, wherein the epinephrine is at least 60% bioavailable. 223. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-222, wherein the formulation comprises droplets with a median droplet size from about 10 μm to about 120 μm. 224. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 223, wherein no more than about 10% of the droplets have a diameter less than about 10 μm. 225. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 223 or 224, wherein no more than approximately 5% of the droplets have a diameter less than about 10 μm. 226. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 223-225, wherein no more than approximately 2% of the droplets have a diameter less than about 10 μm. 227. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 223-226, wherein approximately 50% of the droplets have a diameter from about 10 μm to about 120 μm. 228. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 223-227, wherein approximately 50% of the droplets have a diameter from about 10 μm to about 60 μm. 229. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 223-228, wherein approximately 90% of the droplets have a diameter less than about 120 μm. 230. A method of treating anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction, and/or bronchial constriction, comprising administering or delivering to a subject in need thereof the pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-229. 231. The method of embodiment 230, wherein the pharmaceutical spray formulation is administered or delivered into a nostril of the subject from a pre-primed device adapted for nasal delivery. 232. The method of embodiment 231, wherein a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered. 233. The method of any one of embodiments 230-232, wherein the plasma concentration versus time curve of epinephrine in the subject has a tmax of less than from about 10 minutes to about 120 minutes. 234. The method of any one of embodiments 230-233, wherein a therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is achieved in less than 20 minutes following administration to the subject. 235. The method of any one of embodiments 230-234, wherein a therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is achieved in less than 15 minutes following administration to the subject. 236. The method of any one of embodiments 230-235, wherein a therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is achieved in less than 10 minutes following administration to the subject. 237. The method of any one of embodiments 230-236, wherein a therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is achieved in less than 5 minutes following administration to the subject. 238. The method of any one of embodiments 234-237, wherein the therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is about 500 pg/mL of epinephrine. 239. The method of any one of embodiments 234-238, wherein the therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is about 450 pg/mL of epinephrine. 240. The method of any one of embodiments 234-239, wherein the therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is about 400 pg/mL of epinephrine. 241. The method of any one of embodiments 234-240, wherein the therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is about 350 pg/mL of epinephrine. 242. The method of any one of embodiments 234-241, wherein the therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is about 300 pg/mL of epinephrine. 243. The method of any one of embodiments 230-242, wherein the subject has a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of from about 50 pg/mL to about 500 pg/mL of epinephrine. 244. The method of any one of embodiments 230-243, wherein the area under a plasma concentration-time curve of epinephrine in the subject is from about 5 ng/minute/mL to about 50 ng/minute/mL. 245. The method of any one of embodiments 231-244, wherein the pre-primed device is actuatable with one hand. 246. The method of any one of embodiments 231-245, wherein the pre-primed device is a single-dose device. 247. The method of any one of embodiments 231-245, wherein the pre-primed device is a bi-dose device. 248. The method of any one of embodiments 231-247, wherein the pre-primed device has a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation. 249. The method of embodiment 248, wherein the device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. 250. The method of embodiment 247, wherein the device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. 251. The method of embodiment 250, wherein the device delivers one spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the first reservoir and one spray of the pharmaceutical solution from the second reservoir. 252. The method of any one of embodiments 230-251, wherein approximately 100 μL of the pharmaceutical formulation is delivered by one actuation of the device. 253. The method of embodiment 248, wherein the volume of the reservoir is not more than about 140 μL. 254. The method of embodiment 250, wherein the volume of each reservoir is not more than about 140 μL. 255. The method of any one of embodiments 230-254, wherein delivery time is less than about 25 seconds. 256. The method of any one of embodiments 230-255, wherein delivery time is less than about 20 seconds. 257. The method of any one of embodiments 230-256, wherein less than about 20% of the formulation leaves the nasal cavity via drainage into the nasopharynx or externally. 258. The method of any one of embodiments 230-257, wherein less than about 10% of the formulation leaves the nasal cavity via drainage into the nasopharynx or externally. 259. The method of any one of embodiments 230-258, wherein less than about 5% of the formulation leaves the nasal cavity via drainage into the nasopharynx or externally. 260. The method of any one of embodiments 230-259, wherein the subject is suffering from a severe allergic reaction from exposure or suspected exposure to an allergen. 261. The method of embodiment 260, wherein the allergen is food, medication, or an insect bite or sting. 262. The method of any one of embodiments 230-261, wherein the subject exhibits one or more symptoms chosen from: respiratory depression or distress, airway constriction, wheezing, tingling hands, feet, mouth, or scalp, shortness of breath, swelling or inflammation of the face, eyes, lips, tongue, or throat, hives, central nervous system depression, cardiovascular depression, altered level consciousness, mydriatic pupils, hypoxemia, hypotension, unresponsiveness to stimulus, unconsciousness, stopped breathing, erratic or stopped pulse, and vomiting. 263. The method of any one of embodiments 230-262, wherein the subject exhibits respiratory depression or distress, or cardiovascular depression. 264. The method of any one of embodiments 230-263, wherein the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 1 hour following treatment comprising delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 265. The method of any one of embodiments 230-264, wherein the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 2 hours following treatment comprising delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 266. The method of any one of embodiments 230-265, wherein the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 4 hours following treatment comprising delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 267. The method of any one of embodiments 230-266, wherein the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 6 hours following treatment comprising delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 268. The method of any one of embodiments 230-267, wherein the subject is in a lying, supine, or recovery position. 269. The method of any one of embodiments 230-268, wherein a single spray in the nostril yields a plasma concentration of ≥0.2 ng/mL within 2.5 minutes in the subject. 270. The method of any one of embodiments 230-268, wherein a single spray in the nostril yields a plasma concentration of ≥1 ng/mL within 5 minutes in the subject. 271. The method of any one of embodiments 230-268, wherein a single spray in the nostril yields a plasma concentration of ≥3 ng/mL within 10 minutes in the subject. 272. A method of treating anaphylaxis- or anaphylactic shock-induced respiratory depression or distress, comprising administering or delivering to a subject in need thereof the spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-229 from a pre-primed device into a nostril of the subject in a manner that delivers the formulation in a round spray plume with an ovality ratio less than about 2.0 when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the pre-primed device, wherein: (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery; and (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered. 273. The method of embodiment 272, wherein the ovality ratio is less than about 1.5. 274. The method of embodiment 272, wherein the ovality ratio is less than about 1.3. 275. The method of embodiment 272, wherein the ovality ratio is less than about 1.2. 276. The method of embodiment 272, wherein the ovality ratio is less than about 1.1. 277. The method of any one of embodiments 272-276, wherein the ovality ratio of the spray is measured at a distance of from about 1 cm to about 5 cm from the device. 278. A method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, comprising administering or delivering to a subject in need thereof the pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 154-229 from a device into a nostril of the subject, wherein: (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery; and (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered. 279. The device of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the device comprises: at least one processor, an operating system configured to perform executable instructions, a memory, and a computer program including instructions executable by the digital processing device to create an application comprising: a) a software module sending a first notification to a portable device of a user when the device has been triggered for formulation administration; b) a software module sending a second notification to a second device of a designated third party when the device has been triggered for formulation administration; c) a software module sending a third notification to the portable device of the user when the device is outside a predetermined range from the portable device; d) a software module sending a fourth notification to the second device of the designated third party when the device is outside the predetermined range from the portable device; e) a software module collecting geographic data of the device when the device is in administration to the user or a second user; f) a software module saving geographic data of the device to a remote or cloud database; and g) a software module allowing the user or the second user to order a new device using the device or the portable device of the user. 280. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the method comprising: a) sending a first notification to a portable device of a user when the device has been triggered for formulation administration; b) sending a second notification to a second device of a designated third party when the device has been triggered for formulation administration; c) sending a third notification to the portable device of the user when the device is outside a predetermined range from the portable device; d) sending a fourth notification to the second device of the designated third party when the device is outside the predetermined range from the portable device; e) collecting geographic data of the device when the device is in administration to the user or a second user; f) saving geographic data of the device to a remote or cloud database; and g) allowing the user or the second user to order a new device using the device or the portable device of the user. 281. The device of embodiment 279, wherein the portable device or the second device comprises one or more of: a computer, a notebook computer, a handheld computer, a mobile smartphones, a tablet computer, and a personal digital assistant. 282. The device of embodiment 279 further comprising a communications element configured to allow two-way data communication with the portable device of the user and a digital processing device using a wireless data transfer protocol. 283. The device of embodiment 279, wherein the first, second, third, or fourth notification is sent within the application. 284. The device of embodiment 279, wherein the first, second, third, or fourth notification is automatic. 285. The device of embodiment 279, wherein the first, second, third, or fourth notification comprises one or more of: text, graphic information, sound, and vibration. 286. A pharmaceutical spray formulation comprising from about 0.5% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of epinephrine, in water, wherein the pH of the formulation is from about 4.0 to about 6.5. 287. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 286, comprising from about 0.5% to about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 288. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 286, comprising from about 2% to about 5% w/w of epinephrine. 289. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 286, comprising about 2% w/w of epinephrine. 290. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 286, comprising about 5% w/w of epinephrine. 291. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 286-290, further comprising one or more of an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, or a buffering agent. 292. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 291, wherein the pharmaceutical formulation comprises an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, and a buffering agent. 293. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 286-293, further comprising an antioxidant. 294. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 293, wherein the antioxidant comprises sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite. 295. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 293, comprising the antioxidant at a concentration from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). 296. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 293, comprising the antioxidant at a concentration from about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). 297. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 293, comprising the antioxidant at a concentration from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w). 298. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 293, comprising the antioxidant at a concentration of about 0.05% (w/w). 299. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 286-298, further comprising an antimicrobial preservative. 300. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 299, wherein the antimicrobial preservative comprises chlorobutanol. 301. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 299, comprising the antimicrobial preservative at a concentration from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). 302. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 299, comprising the antimicrobial preservative at a concentration from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). 303. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 299, comprising the antimicrobial preservative at a concentration from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). 304. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 299, comprising the antimicrobial preservative at a concentration of about 0.21% (w/v). 305. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 286, further comprising an isotonicity agent. 306. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 305, wherein an isotonicity agent comprises sodium chloride. 307. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 305, comprising an isotonicity agent at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 5%. 308. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 305, comprising an isotonicity agent at a concentration from about 0.10% to about 1%. 309. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 305, comprising an isotonicity agent at a concentration of about 0.4%. 310. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 286-309, further comprising an absorption enhancer. 311. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 310, wherein the absorption enhancer comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 312. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 310, comprising the absorption enhancer at a concentration from about 0.05% to about 15%. 313. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 310, comprising the absorption enhancer at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 5%. 314. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 310, comprising the absorption enhancer at a concentration of about 1%. 315. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 286-314, further comprising a viscosity modifier. 316. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 315, wherein the viscosity modifier comprises hypromellose. 317. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 315, comprising the viscosity modifier at a concentration from about 0.001% to about 0.5%. 318. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 315, comprising the viscosity modifier at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 0.2%. 319. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 315, comprising the viscosity modifier at a concentration of about 0.1%. 320. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 286-319, further comprising a buffering agent. 321. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 320, wherein the buffering agent comprises citric acid or citric acid monohydrate. 322. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 320, comprising the buffering agent at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 2%. 323. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 320, comprising the buffering agent at a concentration from about 0.10% to about 1%. 324. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 320, comprising the buffering agent at a concentration of about 0.42%. 325. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 286, further comprising sodium metabisulfite, sodium chloride, hypromellose, citric acid monohydrate, and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 326. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 325, comprising from about 1% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 327. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 325, comprising from about 1% to about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1% sodium chloride, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.1% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 328. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 325, comprising about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.10% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 329. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 325, comprising about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1% sodium chloride, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.1% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 330. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 325, comprising about 2% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.10% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 331. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 325, comprising about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 332. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 325, comprising about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1% sodium chloride, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.1% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 333. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 325, comprising about 5% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.10% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 334. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 325, comprising about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 335. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 325, comprising about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1% sodium chloride, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.1% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 336. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 325, comprising about 10% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 337. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 325, comprising about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.0001% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 5% sodium chloride, from about 0.001% to about 0.5% hypromellose, from about 0.01% to about 2% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.05% to about 15% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 338. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 325, comprising about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1% sodium chloride, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1% citric acid monohydrate, and from about 0.1% to about 5% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 339. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 325, comprising about 20% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 0.05% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, about 0.4% sodium chloride, about 0.1% hypromellose, about 0.42% citric acid monohydrate, and about 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 340. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 286-339, further comprising chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v). 341. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 286-339, further comprising chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v). 342. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 286-339, further comprising chlorobutanol at a concentration of from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v). 343. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 286-339, further comprising chlorobutanol at a concentration about 0.21% (w/v). 344. A spray, comprising droplets, wherein the droplets comprise the pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 286-343. 345. A method of treating anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction, and/or bronchial constriction, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a pre-primed device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein: (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery; (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered; and (iii) the pharmaceutical solution comprises the pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 286-343. 346. A method of treating anaphylaxis—or anaphylactic shock-induced respiratory depression or distress, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a pre-primed device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof in a manner that delivers the pharmaceutical solution in a round spray plume with an ovality ratio less than about 2.0 when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the pre-primed device, wherein: (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery; (ii) a volume of from about L to about 250 μL of spray is delivered; and (iii) the pharmaceutical solution comprises the pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 286-343. 347. A method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein: (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery; (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered; and the pharmaceutical solution comprises the pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 286-343. 348. The method of any one of embodiments 345-347, wherein a therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is achieved in less than 20 minutes following administration to the subject. 349. The method of any one of embodiments 345-347, wherein the therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is about 0.5 ng/mL of epinephrine. 350. The method of any one of embodiments 345-347, wherein the subject has a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of from about 0.1 ng/mL to about 1 ng/mL of epinephrine. 351. The method of any one of embodiments 345-347, wherein the area under a plasma concentration-time curve of epinephrine in the subject is from about 0.1 ng·h/mL to about 5 ng·h/mL. 352. The method of any one of embodiments 345-347, wherein the plasma concentration versus time curve of epinephrine in the subject has a tmax of less than from about 10 minutes to about 120 minutes 353. The method of any one of embodiments 345-352, wherein the device is a single-dose device. 354. The method of any one of embodiments 345-352, wherein the device is a bi-dose device. 355. The method of any one of embodiments 345-354, wherein the device delivers two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. 356. The method of any one of embodiments 345-354, wherein the device has a first reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution and a second reservoir containing from about 50 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. 357. The method of any one of embodiments 345-356, wherein less than about 20% of the formulation leaves the nasal cavity via drainage into the nasopharynx or externally. 358. The method of any one of embodiments 345-357, wherein a single spray in a nostril of the subject yields a plasma concentration of at least 0.2 ng/mL within 2 minutes in the subject. 359. A stable pharmaceutical spray formulation, comprising: (i) from about 1% to about 25% w/w of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water; and (ii) one or more excipients, vehicles, emulsifiers, stabilizing agents, preservatives, mucosal adhesives, antibacterial agents, buffers, and/or other additives, wherein the formulation is stable at a temperature of at least about 20° C. and at a relative humidity of at least about 30%, and wherein the formulation is stable for a period of at least about two months, wherein the stable pharmaceutical formulation is the pharmaceutical spray formulation from any one of embodiments 286-343. 360. A pharmaceutical spray formulation, comprising: (i) from about 1% to about 25% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; and (ii) one or more of an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, or a buffering agent; wherein the formulation is configured to be administered into a nostril of a subject as a nasal spray that yields a plasma concentration of at least 0.5 ng/mL within 1 minute of administration. 361. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 360, wherein the pH of the formulation is from about 4.0 to about 6.5. 362. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 360 or 361, wherein the antioxidant comprises sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 0.1% (w/w). 363. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 360-362, wherein the antimicrobial preservative comprises chlorobutanol or chlorobutanol hemihydrate at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). 364. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 360-363, wherein the isotonicity agent comprises sodium chloride at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). 365. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 360-364, wherein the viscosity modifier comprises hypromellose at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 0.2% (w/w). 366. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 360-365, wherein the buffering agent comprises citric acid or citric acid monohydrate at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). 367. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 360-366, comprising about 2% or about 5% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 368. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 360-367, wherein the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite, sodium chloride, hypromellose, citric acid monohydrate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and chlorobutanol hemihydrate. 369. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 360-367, comprising from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.01% to about 0.1% (w/w) of sodium metabisulfite, from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w) sodium chloride, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% (w/w) hypromellose, from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w) citric acid monohydrate, from about 0.1% to about 5% (w/w) diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w) chlorobutanol hemihydrate. 370. A stable pharmaceutical spray formulation, comprising: (a) from about 1% to about 25% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; and (b) one or more of an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, or a buffering agent; wherein the formulation is stable for a period of at least about one month at a temperature of at least about 20° C. 371. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 370, wherein the formulation is stable for a period of at least one month at a temperature of at least about 40° C. 372. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 370 or 371, wherein the formulation has no more than about 2% total impurities after storage for a period of at least about one month at a temperature of at least about 40° C. 373. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 370-372, wherein the antioxidant comprises sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 0.1% (w/w). 374. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 370-373, wherein the antimicrobial preservative comprises chlorobutanol or chlorobutanol hemihydrate at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). 375. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 370-374, wherein the isotonicity agent comprises sodium chloride at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). 376. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of any one of embodiments 370-375, wherein the buffering agent comprises citric acid or citric acid monohydrate at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). 377. A pharmaceutical spray formulation, comprising: (i) from about 1% to about 25% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; and (ii) one or more of an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, or a buffering agent; wherein the absorption enhancer is diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 378. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 377, wherein the formulation comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 5% (w/w). 379. The pharmaceutical spray formulation of embodiment 377 or 378, wherein the absorption enhancer comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration of about 1% (w/w). 380. A method for treating at least one symptom of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, comprising delivering a spray of a pharmaceutical spray formulation from a nasal spray device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof, wherein the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises: (a) from about 1% to about 25% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof, and (b) one or more of an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, or a buffering agent; wherein the formulation is configured to be administered into a nostril of a subject as a nasal spray that yields a plasma concentration of at least 0.5 ng/mL within 1 minute of administration. 381. The method of embodiment 380, wherein the subject is suffering from a severe allergic reaction from exposure or suspected exposure to an allergen. 382. The method of embodiment 381, wherein the allergen is food, medication, or an insect bite or sting. 383. The method of any one of embodiments 380-382, wherein the subject exhibits one or more symptoms chosen from: respiratory depression or distress, airway constriction, wheezing, tingling hands, feet, mouth, or scalp, shortness of breath, swelling or inflammation of the face, eyes, lips, tongue, or throat, hives, central nervous system depression, cardiovascular depression, altered level consciousness, mydriatic pupils, hypoxemia, hypotension, unresponsiveness to stimulus, unconsciousness, stopped breathing, erratic or stopped pulse, and vomiting. 384. The method of any one of embodiments 380-383, wherein the subject exhibits respiratory depression or distress, or cardiovascular depression. 385. The method of any one of embodiments 380-384, wherein the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 1 hour following delivery of the pharmaceutical spray formulation. 386. The method of any one of embodiments 380-385, wherein the antioxidant comprises sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 0.1% (w/w). 387. The method of any one of embodiments 380-386, wherein the antimicrobial preservative comprises chlorobutanol or chlorobutanol hemihydrate at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). 388. The method of any one of embodiments 380-387, wherein the isotonicity agent comprises sodium chloride at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). 389. The method of any one of embodiments 380-388, wherein the viscosity modifier comprises hypromellose at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 0.2% (w/w). 390. The method of any one of embodiments 380-389, wherein the buffering agent comprises citric acid or citric acid monohydrate at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). 391. The method of any one of embodiments 380-390, comprising about 2% or about 5% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 392. The method of any one of embodiments 380-391, wherein the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises sodium metabisulfite, sodium chloride, hypromellose, citric acid monohydrate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and chlorobutanol hemihydrate. 393. A method of treating at least one of anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction, or bronchial constriction, comprising administering or delivering to a subject in need thereof a stable pharmaceutical spray formulation, wherein the stable pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises: (a) from about 1% to about 25% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; and (b) one or more of an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, or a buffering agent; wherein the formulation is stable for a period of at least about one month at a temperature of at least about 20° C. 394. The method of embodiment 393, wherein the formulation is stable for a period of at least one month at a temperature of at least about 40° C. 395. The method of embodiment 393 or 394, wherein the formulation comprises no more than 2% total impurities after storage for a period of at least about one month at a temperature of at least about 40° C. 396. A method of treating at least one of anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction, or bronchial constriction, comprising administering or delivering to a subject in need thereof the pharmaceutical spray formulation, wherein the pharmaceutical spray formulation comprises: (c) from about 1% to about 25% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; and (d) one or more of an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, or a buffering agent; wherein a therapeutic plasma concentration of epinephrine in the subject is achieved in less than 15 minutes following administration to the subject. 397. The method of embodiment 396, wherein the absorption enhancer is diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 398. The method of embodiment 396 or 397, wherein the formulation comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 5% (w/w). 399. The method of any one of embodiments 396-398, wherein the formulation comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration of about 1% (w/w). 400. A bi-dose nasal delivery device adapted for delivery of a pharmaceutical solution into a nostril of a subject, comprising: (a) the pharmaceutical solution configured as a pharmaceutical spray formulation comprising from about 1% to about 25% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; (b) a reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution; and wherein the bi-dose device is configured to administer the pharmaceutical solution into a nostril of a subject as two nasal sprays. 401. The device of embodiment 400, wherein the device is a pre-primed device that is configured to be actuatable with one hand. 402. The device of embodiment 400 or 401, wherein the device is configured to deliver about 100 μL of the pharmaceutical solution from the reservoir upon each actuation of the device. 403. The device of any one of embodiments 400-402, wherein the pH of the pharmaceutical solution is from about 4.0 to about 6.5. 404. The device of any one of embodiments 400-403, wherein one or more sprays take the shape of a round plume with an ovality ratio less than about 2.0. 405. The device of any one of embodiments 400-404, wherein the pharmaceutical solution comprises an antioxidant. 406. The device of embodiment 405, wherein the antioxidant comprises sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 0.10% (w/w). 407. The device of any one of embodiments 400-406, wherein the pharmaceutical solution comprises an antimicrobial preservative. 408. The device of embodiment 407, wherein the antimicrobial preservative comprises chlorobutanol or chlorobutanol hemihydrate at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). 409. The device of any one of embodiments 400-408, wherein the pharmaceutical solution comprises an isotonicity agent. 410. The device of embodiment 409, wherein the isotonicity agent comprises sodium chloride at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w). 411. The device of any one of embodiments 400-410, wherein the pharmaceutical solution comprises a viscosity modifier. 412. The device of embodiment 411, wherein the viscosity modifier comprises hypromellose at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 0.2% (w/w). 413. The device of any one of embodiments 400-412, wherein the pharmaceutical solution comprises a buffering agent. 414. The device of embodiment 413, wherein the buffering agent comprises citric acid or citric acid monohydrate at a concentration from about 0.10% to about 1% (w/w). 415. The device of any one of embodiments 400-414, wherein the pharmaceutical solution comprises about 2% or about 5% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 416. A pre-primed device adapted for delivery of a pharmaceutical solution into one or both nostrils of a subject, comprising a reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution, wherein the pharmaceutical solution comprises: (a) from about 1% to about 25% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; and (b) one or more of an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, or a buffering agent; wherein the pre-primed device is configured to administer the pharmaceutical solution as one or more sprays into one or both nostrils of the subject. 417. The device of embodiment 416, wherein the formulation comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at a concentration from about 0.10% to about 5% (w/w). 418. A bi-dose device adapted for delivery of a pharmaceutical solution into one or both nostrils of a subject, comprising a reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution, wherein the pharmaceutical solution comprises: (a) from about 1% to about 25% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof; and (b) one or more of an antioxidant, an antimicrobial preservative, an isotonicity agent, an absorption enhancer, a viscosity modifier, or a buffering agent; wherein the pharmaceutical solution is stable for a period of at least about one month at a temperature of at least about 20° C. 419. The device of embodiment 418, wherein the pharmaceutical solution is stable for a period of at least about three months at a temperature of at least about 20° C. 420. A method of administering a pharmaceutical solution, comprising delivering a spray of the pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof in a manner that delivers the pharmaceutical solution in a round spray plume with an ovality ratio less than about 1.4 when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the device, wherein: (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery; (ii) a volume of from about L to about 250 μL of spray is delivered; and (iii) the pharmaceutical solution comprises from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 421. The method of embodiment 420, wherein the spray plume has a particle size distribution with a span of no more than about 2.2 when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the device. 422. The method of embodiment 420 or 421, wherein the spray plume has a Dmax of less than about 28 mm when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the device. 423. The method of any one of embodiments 420-422, wherein the device is a bi-dose device configured to deliver two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution. 424. The method of any one of embodiments 420-423, wherein the device has a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. 425. The method of any one of embodiments 420-424, wherein the device comprises a plunger that houses a container closure comprising: (i) a vial comprising an opening; (ii) a cannula; and (iii) a rubber stopper; wherein the stopper is configured to occlude the opening of the vial, and wherein the cannula is configured such that the cannula can pierce the stopper when the plunger applies sufficient force to the cannula. 426. The method of any one of embodiments 420-426, wherein the device is a pre-primed device that is configured to be actuatable with one hand. 427. The method of any one of embodiments 420-427, wherein a delivery time of the pharmaceutical solution is less than about 25 seconds. 428. The method of any one of embodiments 420-427, wherein the subject is suffering from a severe allergic reaction from exposure or suspected exposure to an allergen. 429. The method of embodiment 428, wherein the allergen is food, medication, or an insect bite or sting. 430. The method of any one of embodiments 420-429, wherein the subject exhibits one or more symptoms chosen from: respiratory depression or distress, airway constriction, wheezing, tingling hands, feet, mouth, or scalp, shortness of breath, swelling or inflammation of the face, eyes, lips, tongue, or throat, hives, central nervous system depression, cardiovascular depression, altered level consciousness, mydriatic pupils, hypoxemia, hypotension, unresponsiveness to stimulus, unconsciousness, stopped breathing, erratic or stopped pulse, or vomiting. 431. The method of any one of embodiments 420-430, wherein the subject exhibits respiratory depression or distress, or cardiovascular depression. 432. The method of embodiment 431, wherein the subject is free from respiratory depression or distress for at least about 1 hour following treatment comprising delivery of a therapeutically effective amount of the epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 433. A method of administering a pharmaceutical solution, comprising delivering a spray of the pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof in a manner that delivers the pharmaceutical solution in a spray plume with a particle size distribution having a span of no more than about 2.2 when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the device, wherein: (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery; (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered; and (iii) the pharmaceutical solution comprises from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 434. The method of embodiment 433, wherein the particle size distribution has a span of no more than about 2.0 when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the device. 435. The method of embodiment 433 or 434, wherein the device has a single reservoir containing from about 125 μL to about 250 μL of the pharmaceutical solution. 436. The method of any one of embodiments 433-435, wherein the device is a bi-dose device configured to deliver two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution from a single reservoir. 437. A method for administering a pharmaceutical solution, comprising delivering a spray of the pharmaceutical solution from a device into a nostril of a subject in need thereof in a manner that delivers the pharmaceutical solution in a spray plume with a Dmax of less than about 28 mm when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the device, wherein: (i) the device is adapted for nasal delivery; (ii) a volume of from about 20 μL to about 250 μL of spray is delivered; and (iii) the pharmaceutical solution comprises from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 438. The method of embodiment 437, wherein the device is a bi-dose device configured to deliver two sprays of the pharmaceutical solution. 439. The method of embodiment 437 or 438, wherein the Dmax is less than about 26 mm when measured at a distance of from about 1 to about 10 cm from the device.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Epinephrine Spray Formulation and Related Studies

TABLE 1 Epinephrine Spray Formulation Raw Material Compendia CAS # Amount g (−)-Epinephrine USP  51-43-4  0.05 g Sodium Ph. Eur., BP, or NF 7681-57-4 0.001 g metabisulfite HCl* Ph. Eur., BP, or 7647-01-0 q.s. to pH USP/NF 4.7 +/− 0.2 NaCl Ph. Eur. BP, or 7647-14-5 0.008 g USP Water for USP q.s. to Injection 1.000 g +/− 0.002 g *Diluted HCl solutions may be prepared from concentrated or fuming HCl or purchased directly from a supplier.

Viscosity

Viscosity will be varied using a viscosity modifier such as methyl cellulose. The viscosity will be adjusted within a range spray characteristics at 10, 50, and 100 centipoise will be analyzed.

Preservative

The formulation in Table 1 will be modified by using 0.05% benzalkonium chloride. The impact of surfactant on spray characteristics will be analyzed.

Vasodilator

The formulation in Table 1 will be modified by the addition of a vasodilator such as phentolamine at 20 mg/mL. The impact on spray characteristics will be analyzed.

Permeation Enhancer

The formulation in Table 1 will be modified by using a permeation enhancer such as 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. The impact on spray characteristics will be analyzed.

Vitamin A

Formulation development will be conducted to support the addition of a Lecithin, tween, or other suitable surfactant to solubilize vitamin A and epinephrine, including varying the pH. Initial studies may be a visual color change after 5-7 days.

Compositions will be formulated and filled in a low O₂ environment. Nitrogen overlays and solution purges.

NaCl will be added to make 300 mosmol.

Compatibility with primary container components (glass and plunger) will be investigated. Options for components in parallel will be assayed (for example: different rubbers for plunger, plunger coatings, and/or glass surface treatments).

Variation of pH at time of formulation and impact on stability will be investigated. Solutions at pH 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0 will be studied.

Stability studies at 25° C., 30° C., 40° C., and 50° C. will be conducted.

The formulations will be tested for potency, impurities, pH, and osmolality

Studies will be conducted for characterization of spray.

Stability

TABLE 2 Stability at 25° C., 30° C., and 40° C. 0 1 wk 3 wk 6 wk 10 wk 16 wk 26 wk Primary Formulation 50 mg/mL A B A B A B A Secondary Formulation 36 mg/mL A B A B A B A pH low A B A B A B A pH high A B A B A B A Configuration 2 A B A B A B A Configuration 3 A B A B A B A A = Assay, purity, pH, osmolality and spray characteristics. B = Assay and purity

TABLE 3 Stability at 50° C. 0 1 wk 2 wk 3 wk 6 wk 10 wk Primary Formulation N/A B B B B AB pH low N/A B B B B A pH high N/A B B B B A Configuration 2 N/A B B B B A Configuration 3 N/A B B B B A

Example 2: Preparation of Epinephrine Formulation 1

TABLE 4 Epinephrine Formulation 1 Composition Amount per spray Component Compendia (mg/mL) (mg/spray) (−)-Epinephrine USP 50.0 or 25.0 5.0 or 2.5 Sodium metabisulfite EP, BP or NF 0.5 0.05 HCl* EP, BP or qs to pH USP/NF 4.7 +/− 0.3 NaCl** USP 4.0 0.4 Purified Water USP qs *adjust pH to 4.7 ± 0.3 **target 300 mOsm

Epinephrine Formulation 1 was prepared by dissolving sodium metabisulfite in Water for Injection, USP followed by the addition of Sodium Chloride, USP. Epinephrine, USP was added as a dry powder and dissolution of the epinephrine was aided by the addition of HCl until a pH of 4.7 was achieved.

Example 3: Preparation of Epinephrine Formulation 2

TABLE 5 Epinephrine Formulation 2 Composition Amount per spray Component Compendia (mg/mL) (mg/spray) (−)-Epinephrine USP 50.0 or 25.0 5.0 or 2.5 Sodium metabisulfite EP, BP or NF 0.5 0.05 HCl* EP, BP or qs to pH USP/NF 4.7 +/− 0.3 NaCl** USP 4.0 0.4 Diethylene glycol NF 10.0  1.0 monoethyl ether Sodium citrate NF 7.0 0.7 Hypromellose USP 1.0 0.1 Purified Water USP qs *adjust pH to 4.7 ± 0.3 **target 300 mOsm

Water for Injection (˜20% of final formulation volume) was added to a clean dry beaker. Sufficient volume of a 10 mg/mL sodium metabisulfite solution and an 80 mg/mL sodium chloride solution were added and mixed well. Sufficient volumes of 10% solutions of each trisodium citrate, hypromellose and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether were added separately and mixed between additions. Epinephrine was added as a poorly soluble powder. 1.5 M HCl was added slowly until nearly all epinephrine was dissolved. 0.3 M HCl was slowly added until a pH of 4.7+/−0.3 was achieved. Water was added to bring the mixture to final volume.

Example 4: Preparation of Epinephrine Formulation 3

TABLE 6 Epinephrine Formulation 3 Composition Amount per spray Component Compendia (mg/mL) (mg/spray) (−)-Epinephrine USP 50.0 or 25.0 5.0 or 2.5 Sodium metabisulfite EP, BP or NF 0.5  0.05 HCl* EP, BP or qs to pH AR USP/NF 4.7 +/− 0.3 NaCl** USP 4.0 0.4 Diethylene glycol NF 10.0  1.0 monoethyl ether Chlorobutanol NF 2.0 0.2 Sodium citrate NF 7.0 0.7 Hypromellose USP 1.0 0.1 Purified Water USP AR AR *adjust pH to 4.7 ± 0.3 **target 300 mOsm

Water for Injection (˜20% of final formulation volume) was added to a clean dry beaker. Sufficient volume of a 10 mg/mL sodium metabisulfite solution and an 80 mg/mL sodium chloride solution were added and mixed well. Sufficient volumes of 10% solutions of each trisodium citrate and hypromellose were added separately and mixed between additions. Separately, a solution of 10% diethelyene glycol monoethyl ether and 2% chlorobutanol was made in water. The diethylene glycol monoethyl ether/chlorobutanol solution was then added to the main mixing vessel and then mixed well. Epinephrine was added to the main mixing vessel as a poorly soluble powder. 1.5M HCl was added slowly until nearly all epinephrine was dissolved. 0.3M HCl was slowly added until a pH of 4.7+/−0.3 was achieved. Water was added to bring the mixture to final volume.

Example 5: Preparation of Epinephrine Formulation 4

TABLE 7 Epinephrine Formulation 4 Composition Amount per spray Component Compendia (mg/mL) (mg/spray) (−)-Epinephrine USP 50.0 or 20.0 5.0 or 2.0 Sodium metabisulfite EP, BP or NF 0.5  0.05 HCl* EP, BP or qs to pH AR USP/NF 4.7 +/− 0.3 NaCl** USP 4.0 0.4 Diethylene glycol NF 10.0  1.0 monoethyl ether Chlorobutanol NF 2.1  0.21 hemihydrate Citric acid NF 4.2  0.42 monohydrate Hypromellose USP 1.0 0.1 Purified Water USP AR AR *adjust pH to 4.7 ± 0.3 **target 300 mOsm

Water for Injection (˜20% of final for^(o)mulation volume) was added to a clean dry beaker. Sufficient volume of a 10 mg/mL sodium metabisulfite solution and an 80 mg/mL sodium chloride solution were added and mixed well. Sufficient volumes of 10% solutions of each citrate acid monohydrate and hypromellose were added separately and mixed between additions. Separately, a solution of 10% diethelyene glycol monoethyl ether and 2.1% chlorobutanol hemihydrate was made in water. The diethylene glycol monoethyl ether/chlorobutanol hemihydrate solution was then added to the main mixing vessel and then mixed well. Epinephrine was added to the main mixing vessel as a poorly soluble powder. 1.5M HCl was added slowly until nearly all epinephrine was dissolved. 0.3M HCl was slowly added until a pH of 4.7+/−0.3 was achieved. Water was added to bring the mixture to final volume.

Example 6: In Vivo Study

Conscious animals that did not receive either a sedative or an anesthetic drug were used in the study. Prior to dosing, three electrode leads were placed on the animal for the continuous monitoring of the heart rate and a standard electrocardiogram by the use of telemetry in which the signal from the electrode leads were transmitted to the receiving unit by the use of Bluetooth. The cardiovascular parameters were continuously recorded throughout the entire experiment. In addition, three blood samples were obtained from the veins in the front legs between 60 and 1-minute pre-dosing for the measurement of baseline plasma epinephrine levels. A specific dose of epinephrine (Epinephrine Formulation 2) was administered into the right nostril in each of six animals. The doses of epinephrine employed in these studies ranged from 2 to 20 milligrams (mgs). The volume delivered was 100 microliters (uls) delivered in a 200 ul capacity cannula attached to a 100 ul calibrated pipette. There was no dead space in the cannula and the entire amount was delivered at a depth of approximately % inch into the nostril. Following the intranasal administration of epinephrine blood samples were obtained at 1, 5 10, 15, 20, 30, 60 & 90 minutes post-dosing. The blood samples were immediately kept on ice and the tubes were centrifuged to separate the plasma from the heavier elements such as the red blood cells. Sodium metabisulfite was added to the plasma samples to prevent oxidation of epinephrine. The samples were stored at −70 degrees until they were analyzed by the use of an HPLC.

The average of the three pre-drug epinephrine samples was considered as the baseline level. This was subtracted from the epinephrine levels obtained at the specific time points ranging from 1-90 minutes post-dose. The resultant epinephrine concentrations expressed as nanograms/milliliter were considered to represent the absorption of the intranasal administration over time.

In a separate experiment, six animals received an intramuscular injection of 0.3 mg of epinephrine administered into the upper quadrant of the left leg. Plasma samples were obtained at the same time points as the intranasal experiments. The resultant plasma epinephrine time action curve was compared to those obtained by the intranasal administration.

The results of two experiments comparing the plasma levels observed following the administration of either 5 mg or 10 mg administered intranasally in comparison to the standard dose of 0.3 mg in the Adult EpiPen given by the intramuscular route are shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 . In all cases, the number of animals was six per group. As shown in FIG. 1 , the intranasal administration of 5 mg of epinephrine produced significantly higher plasma levels than those achieved with the EpiPen at the earliest time points of 1 and 5 minutes following drug delivery.

In addition, the plasma concentrations of epinephrine were maintained at virtually the same levels at the 30, 60 and 90 minute time periods. At these later time points, the levels of epinephrine resulting from the EpiPen administration had already significantly decreased from the peak observed at 15 minutes. FIG. 2 shows the comparison of the plasma epinephrine levels following the intranasal administration of 10 mg as compared to the EpiPen. As shown in FIG. 2 , the plasma levels of epinephrine are much higher at the initial time periods of 1 and 5 minutes following the intranasal dosage. Indeed, the plasma levels achieved by the intranasal route of administration are higher than those observed with the EpiPen throughout the entire 90 minute post-administration.

Epinephrine is considered as the critical therapeutic treatment in acute anaphylaxis following inadvertent exposure to a triggering agent, such as nuts. This is a life threatening situation in which the rapid absorption of epinephrine following administration is essential. As can be seen in both FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 , the intranasal delivery of epinephrine produces higher plasma levels during the critical first few minutes following exposure to the triggering agent than the EpiPen. Furthermore, the plasma levels of epinephrine remain elevated at higher levels throughout the entire 90 minute time-action curve at the higher dose of 10 mg intranasal epinephrine compared to the EpiPen. This data suggests that the intranasal route will provide for both a more rapid and more sustained treatment of the anaphylaxis. Finally, the plasma levels following 10 mg are greater than those of 5 mg signifying a dose-response relationship.

Example 7: A Study for Absorption of Intranasal Epinephrine Compared to Conventional Intramuscular Epinephrine

The purpose of this study is to obtain pharmacokinetic data of epinephrine administered via intranasal route (IN) and compare it with intramuscular (IM) route in healthy adult volunteers

Patients are reluctant to use Epipen® on emergency basis, perhaps because of improperly training, hesitancy and fear of needle. Other route of administration of epinephrine (EPI) may be more benefit such as intranasal route.

Primary outcome measures: Composite of Pharmacokinetics of epinephrine [Time Frame: predose, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes post-dose]

C_(max), Area Under Curve, T_(max) of epinephrine compare between 0.3 mg intramuscular and 5 mg intranasal route

Secondary outcome measures: Numbers of participants with adverse events as a measure of safety and tolerability [Time Frame: 1 year]

Study Design Allocation: Non-Randomized (12 participants) Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment Masking: None (Open Label) Primary Purpose: Treatment Condition Anaphylaxis Intervention Drug: Epinephrine 1. Intranasal epinephrine 5 mg/spray 2. Intramuscular epinephrine 0.3 mg 3. Intranasal saline spray Other Name: adrenaline Study Arms Experimental: epinephrine IN, epinephrine IM, saline IN 1. Intranasal saline 2. Intramuscular epinephrine 3. Intranasal epinephrine Intervention: Drug: Epinephrine

Example 8: Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety in Anaphylactic Reaction Patients

This study has three primary objectives:

-   -   (1) to compare the bioavailability of aqueous formulations to         that of hydro-alcoholic formulations of the company's         proprietary epinephrine nasal spray at two doses (3 mg and 6         mg);     -   (2) to compare the bioavailability of both formulations (aqueous         and hydro-alcoholic) to that of the standard intramuscular         injection—specifically, EpiPen® (0.30 mg); and     -   (3) to evaluate the effect of an intranasal allergen challenge         on the bioavailability of both intranasal epinephrine spray         formulations at both doses.

Secondarily, the study will evaluate the safety and tolerability of both formulations at both doses

The study will enroll a total of 60 adult patients 18-45 years of age in five 12-patient cohorts at a single clinical site. To qualify for enrollment, all study patients will be confirmed to be healthy subjects with a history of seasonal allergies; after enrollment, they will be exposed to an intranasal allergen at specific time points as part of the protocol. Subjects who use current medication that interfere with result of plasma epinephrine level (such as pseudoephedrine) will be excluded from the study.

Patients should not have had exposure to the epinephrine prior to the study entry. Patients must not have received treatment for their allergies/anaphylaxis within 2 weeks of beginning the trial. Treatments include epinephrine I.V. or I.M. injections and/or immunotherapy.

All subjects are evaluated for safety and all blood collections for pharmacokinetic analysis are collected as scheduled. All studies are performed with institutional ethics committee approval and patient consent.

Example 9: Assessment of the Impact of Pre-Existing Nasal Congestion on the Systemic Absorption of Intranasally Administered Epinephrine in Beagle Dogs

This study evaluated epinephrine absorption during congestion or no congestion and the effect of epinephrine on congestion following aerosolized histamine exposure.

This study consisted of two dosing groups (Group 1—histamine and Group 2—saline) with three male and three female beagle dogs per group (n=6/group). This study was conducted over four days (Study Days 0-3) with three dogs being tested per day. On Study Day (SD) 0 and SD 2, three dogs from Group 1 were anesthetized and administered a single dose of 5% histamine (dissolved in saline) via a nebulizer over a period of 5 minutes. Epinephrine (4 mg/100 mL) was given in the same nostril, 15 minutes post-histamine administration. On SD 1 and SD 3, three dogs from Group 2 were anesthetized and administered saline via a nebulizer over a period of 5 minutes. Epinephrine (4 mg/100 mL) was given in the same nostril, 15 minutes post-saline administration. A complete outline of the study design is provided in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Study Design Saline Administration of Sex Group Histamine (mL) Epinephrine Males Females 1 5% 0 4 mg IN into 3 3 congested nostril 2 0% 0.4-0.7^(a) 4 mg IN into saline 3 3 exposed nostril ^(a)See Table 11 for individual values

Epinephrine Formulation

Vehicle for the test article (epinephrine) was composed of sterile water injection containing 5 mg/10 mL of Na metabisulfite, 40 mg/10 mL of sodium chloride, 0.7% trisodium citrate, 0.1% hypromellose, 0.05% chlorobutanol and 1% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether with a final pH of 5.0±0.5. For information regarding final concentration of each chemical in the formulated test article, see Table 9.

TABLE 9 Test Article Formulation Compound Final Concentration Final pH Epinephrine  4 mg/100 μL 5.18 Sodium Chloride 0.4 mg/100 μL Sodium Metabisulfite 0.05 mg/100 μL  Trisodium citrate 0.7% Chlorobutanol 0.2% Hypromellose 0.1% Diethylene glycol   1% monoethyl ether

Intranasal Aerosol Delivery and Pressure Measurement System

A test system was designed and constructed for the intranasal delivery of histamine and saline aerosols, and for measurement of nasal congestion restriction in real time. The system and methods used are similar to those conducted by Tiniakov et. al, 2003. The system delivered aerosolized histamine at concentrations sufficient to elicit congestion in the dog model via a conventional patient drug delivery nebulizer. A diagram of the congestion test system is depicted in FIG. 3 .

Histamine Nasal Exposures

Preceding each test, baseline ambient pressures of the test system at the 3 L/min flow condition were recorded. The histamine generation nebulizer was filled with approximately 5 mL of 5% histamine solution or 0.9% saline solution. The nebulizer was weighed prior to and after each exposure to determine the generated histamine/saline (see Table 11). Dogs were anesthetized, and a cannula was lubricated with saline and inserted into the left nostril. The air flow was slowly increased to provide 3 L/min of fresh air into the dog's nostril and pressure measurements were taken every five minutes while the cannula was in place (see Table 10). Approximately 10 minutes post-cannula insertion, 5% histamine (5 mg/mL) or 0.9% saline was administered via aerosol for 5 minutes.

The nasal cannula was removed 5 minutes after cessation of histamine/saline administration (T=20 m) to facilitate the intranasal administration of epinephrine. Approximately 10 m following the removal of the nasal cannula, intranasal epinephrine (4 mg/100 μL) was administered (T=30 min). The nasal cannula was re-inserted into the nose 60 mT post-epinephrine administration (T=90 m). The cannula remained in the nose for 40 minutes during which time nasal restriction pressures were monitored. Blood draws were taken multiple times over the course of each test for analysis of epinephrine plasma levels in the histamine and saline exposed dog groups. Table 10 shows the test matrix time course in minutes with the measurements/samples taken at each time point.

TABLE 10 Aerosol Exposure Test Matrix Epinephrine study minute time and task test matrix T − 5 1^(st) blood draw T = 0 Insert nasal cannula & baseline ΔP reading T = 5 2^(nd) blood draw & nasal restriction ΔP reading T = 10 Histamine or saline aerosol start & nasal restriction ΔP reading T = 15 Histamine or saline aerosol stop & nasal restriction ΔP reading T = 20 Nasal restriction ΔP reading & removal of nasal cannula T = 25 3^(rd) blood draw T = 30 Epinephrine nasal administration T = 31, 35, 40, Blood draws 45, 50, 55, 60, 90 T = 91, 100, 105, Reinsert nasal cannula & nasal ΔP readings 110, 115 T = 120 Blood draw& nasal cannula ΔP readings T = 122, 124, Nasal cannula ΔP readings 126, 128, 130

Bioanalytical Analysis

Heart rate data was collected and recorded every 5 minutes throughout the experiment. Plasma samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using a C18-PFP column. LC-MS/MS analysis was performed in positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) ionization.

Pharmacokinetic Analysis

Epinephrine plasma concentrations were adjusted to account for the plasma epinephrine baseline by using average concentrations of the three pre-dose samples and subtracting that value from the post-dose values for each dog. If baseline-subtraction resulted in negative values, these samples were assigned a value of zero. In addition, epinephrine concentrations were considered as outliers and removed from analysis if they exceeded two times standard deviation from the mean of baseline-subtracted post-dose epinephrine plasma concentrations of each animal over the course of blood sampling (i.e., 1-90 min post-dose).

Histamine-Induced Nasal Congestion

Histamine administration induced congestion in all animals to varying degrees. The data was plotted to show the effect of histamine- and saline-induced congestion effects following aerosol administration, and the effect of epinephrine administration in reducing nasal congestion. A plot including a pilot study with baseline histamine congestion results (leftmost bar at each time-point), histamine with epinephrine administration test results (center bar), and saline with epinephrine administration test results (rightmost bar) are shown in FIG. 4 .

TABLE 11 Histamine-induced Congestion Nostril Cannula pressure (in H₂O) Nebulizer Test size^(b) Dog Pre- Post- Aerosol net use number (cm) ID/sex exposure^(c) exposure^(d) exposure (g)  1 (Pilot)^(a) 7.5 CPK/M 0.530 0.714 Histamine NA  2 (Pilot)^(a) 6.5 CGV/F 0.730 1.626 Histamine 0.63  3 (Pilot)^(a) 8 CXV/M 0.336 0.414 Histamine 0.56  1 8 CVL/M 0.692 1.232 Histamine 0.43  2 8 CWZ/M 0.399 0.653 Histamine 0.43  3 9 CWT/M 0.406 0.752 Histamine 0.43  4 7 CWP/F 0.460 0.433 Saline 0.63  5 7 CFI/F 0.522 0.535 Saline 0.44  6 7 CSW/F 0.580 0.701 Saline 0.48  7 8 BCHG/F 0.420 0.531 Histamine 0.44  8 7 CBC/F 0.735 3.411 Histamine 0.49  9 7.5 CIH/F 0.606 2.372 Histamine 0.46 10 8 CXU/M 0.530 0.688 Saline 0.47 11 7.5 CUU/M 0.543 0.636 Saline 0.52 12 7.5 CYA/M 0.657 0.636 Saline 0.57 ^(a)Intranasal epinephrine not administered. ^(b)nostril measurement taken as average of vertical and horizontal nostril diameters. ^(c)pre-exposure nasal pressure taken 5 minutes after cannula insertion into left nostril ^(d)nasal pressure taken at 5 minutes post aerosol exposure end

The average nasal pressure restriction levels in Groups 1 and 2, as well as in the pilot study are plotted in FIG. 4 . The restriction levels are shown at key time points: baseline, post-histamine/saline aerosol administration, and post-epinephrine administration. The data indicate a progressive increase in nasal congestion and flow restriction pressure at 5 and 10 minutes post-histamine exposure (Group 1). In contrast, no increase in flow restriction pressure was observed following saline aerosol administration at these same time points. Epinephrine was administered via a micropipette in the left nostril 15 minutes following the cessation of histamine or saline aerosol administration. The data indicate that epinephrine administration had a significant effect in reducing nasal congestion induced by histamine at the 60, 80, and 100 minute time points with the nasal restriction pressures reduced to baseline levels. This data shows that epinephrine has a significant anti-congestion effect. The pilot study data shows that without epinephrine administration, histamine induced congestion remains elevated at significant levels out to the 60, 80, and 100 minute time points.

Telemetry

Group 1 (5% Histamine+4 mg/100 μL Epinephrine)

Test article-related increases in heart rate were observed following intranasal (IN) administration of epinephrine and typically stayed above baseline following epinephrine administration. The baseline heart rate (red line, FIG. 5 ) was set at 104 bpm based on the mean of the pre-dose measurements. A summary of the individual and mean heart rates of Group 1 animals is provided in Table 12.

TABLE 12 Individual and Mean Heart Rates of Dogs in Group 1 - 5% Histamine + 4 mg/100 μL Epinephrine Histamine (Group 1) individual and mean heart rates (bpm) Mean Event/Time(min) CVL CWZ CWT BCHG CBC CIH Mean STDEV BD/−5 114 105 124 80 118 85 104 18.1 Insert Cannula/0 112 111 113 85 120 83 104 15.8 ΔP, BD/5 112 113 115 85 122 87 106 15.6 ΔP, saline start/10 112 122 108 84 129 88 107 18.0 ΔP, saline stop/15 NA 143 126 84 143 99 119 26.6 ΔP, Pull Cannula/20 119 135 124 83 143 95 117 23.2 BD/25 105 134 123 84 148 104 116 23.2 Epinephrine 30 115 126 112 84 145 121 117 20.0 BD/1 115 126 116 75 134 123 115 20.7 BD/5 146 139 120 75 195 119 132 39.4 BD/10 153 143 114 79 201 96 131 44.1 BD/15 137 146 118 81 197 94 129 41.5 BD/20 127 141 117 86 203 99 129 41.3 BD/25 117 132 119 90 207 93 126 42.7 BD/30 116 139 119 89 205 127 133 39.2 BD/60 116 134 117 90 168 154 130 28.3 Re-insert Cannula 61 116 133 114 93 155 147 126 23.1 ΔP, 70 123 140 117 107 154 147 131 18.4 ΔP, 75 124 143 113 111 142 151 131 17.0 ΔP, 80 121 142 116 107 144 150 130 17.6 ΔP, 85 117 146 116 102 144 149 129 19.8 ΔP, BD, 90 120 143 114 103 137 146 127 17.4 ΔP, 92 121 146 117 100 129 146 127 17.8 ΔP, 94 120 147 117 99 141 139 127 18.3 ΔP, 96 123 147 115 99 133 145 127 18.5 ΔP, 98 132 147 117 99 137 142 129 17.9 ΔP, 100 153 148 112 99 136 140 131 21.3

Group 2 (Saline+4 mg/100 μL Epinephrine)

Test-article related increases in HR were noted in Group 2 (FIG. 6 ), but the pattern was significantly different from Group 1. The baseline heart rate (red line, FIG. 6 ) was set at 97 bpm based on the mean of the pre-dose measurements. While the initial changes in HR (pertaining to stabilizing the anesthetic plane) were present in Group 2, an evident increase in HR was not observed until 30-60 minutes post-epinephrine administration. This mirrors the rise in epinephrine blood plasma levels in Group 1, but with a delayed effect in Group 2 at the 30-60 minute mark (this is discussed further, below). Once the HR increased in Group 2 animals, it typically remained elevated until the end of the experiment. A summary of the individual and mean heart rates of Group 2 animals is provided in Table 13.

TABLE 13 Individual and Mean Heart Rate of Dogs in Group 2 - Saline + 4 mg/100 μL Epinephrine Saline (Group 2) individual and mean heart rate (bpm) Mean Event/Time(min) CWP CFI CSW CXU CVU CYA Mean STDEV BD/−5 94 80 102 106 95 107 97 10.1 Insert Cannula/0 95 89 101 120 95 108 101 11.2 ΔP, BD/5 96 92 99 123 88 101 100 12.3 ΔP, saline start/10 95 98 109 126 80 100 101 15.3 ΔP, saline stop/15 95 99 108 125 83 99 102 14.1 ΔP, Pull Cannula/20 86 102 109 128 85 95 101 16.2 BD/25 93 103 116 121 85 94 102 14.1 Epinephrine 30 94 105 118 114 88 95 102 12.0 BD/1 100 108 109 96 91 96 100 7.2 BD/5 97 107 113 93 93 90 99 9.1 BD/10 94 107 108 94 96 97 99 6.4 BD/15 91 109 107 99 100 96 100 6.7 BD/20 91 111 106 103 102 91 101 8.1 BD/25 90 113 107 104 103 93 102 8.7 BD/30 99 115 107 109 104 98 105 6.4 BD/60 92 137 127 137 103 104 117 19.4 Re-insert Cannula 61 91 133 127 131 114 108 117 16.2 ΔP, 70 88 136 127 138 134 115 123 19.1 ΔP, 75 91 132 120 140 136 115 122 18.1 ΔP, 80 88 132 115 138 138 114 121 19.4 ΔP, 85 96 133 108 138 136 116 121 17.2 ΔP, BD, 90 95 132 102 138 137 116 120 18.6 ΔP, 92 96 132 99 136 134 113 118 18.1 ΔP, 94 96 129 105 136 133 116 119 16.2 ΔP, 96 96 133 109 139 136 118 122 17.1 ΔP, 98 118 139 113 135 137 125 128 10.8 ΔP, 100 135 158 118 145 142 135 139 13.3

Pharmacokinetic Results

Plasma samples were collected at the indicated time points and analyzed. Plasma epinephrine concentration profiles over time are plotted for individual animals within a group (FIG. 8 , FIG. 9 ). AUC, T_(max) and C_(max) were calculated using post-dose baseline-subtracted epinephrine concentrations for each individual animal and the trapezoid rule (Tables 14-15).

TABLE 14 AUC and C_(max) of epinephrine in dogs from Group 1 Group 1 Parameter^(a) BCHG CBC CIH CVL CWT CMZ Average SD Dose, mg 4 4 4 4 4 4 — — T_(max), min 1 25 5 1 5 1 6 9 C_(max), mg/mL 1.4 3.4 4.0 7.2 2.2 2.9 3.5 2.1 AUC₁₋₉₀ min, 42 194 182 109 106 68 117 61 ng/mL · min ^(a)Abbreviations: C_(max), maximum plasma concentration before baseline subtraction; T_(max), time to reach C_(max); AUC_(1-90 min), area under the plasma concentration time curve from time 1 min to 90 min after baseline subtraction

TABLE 15 AUC and C_(max) of epinephrine in dogs from Group 2 Group 2 Parameter^(a) CFI CSW CUU CWP CXU CYA Average SD Dose, mg 4 4 4 4 4 4 — — T_(max), min 90 60 90 90 1 90 70 36 C_(max), mg/mL 0.8 1.1 1.4 0.9 4.8 1.4 1.7 1.5 AUC_(1-90 min), 33 83 71 478 67 56 59 18 ng/mL · min ^(a)Abbreviations: Cmax, maximum plasma concentration before baseline subtraction; T_(max), time to reach C_(max); AUC_(1-90 min), area under the plasma concentration time curve from time 1 min to 90 min after baseline subtraction

In Tables 14 and 15, plasma concentration vs. time data were first analyzed for the individual animal and then PK measurements (AUC, C_(max), T_(max)) from the individual animals were averaged within a group.

Furthermore, group average epinephrine concentration profiles over time are plotted for the two study groups (FIG. 10 ). AUC, T_(max) and C_(max) calculated using the trapezoid rule are shown in Table 16.

TABLE 16 AUC, T_(max) and C_(max) of epinephrine after administration in dogs (average plasma concentrations from all dogs in the same group) Study - congestion vs saline Group 1 - Congestion Group 2 - Saline Parameter^(a,b), unit (4 mg × 1 nostril) (4 mg × 1 nostril) Dose, mg 4 4 T_(max), min 1 90 C_(max), ng/mL 2.9 1.2 AUC_(1-last), ng/mL · min 117 60 t_(1/2) NC NC ^(a)Abbreviations: C_(max), maximum plasma concentration before baseline subtraction; T_(max), time to reach C_(max); AUC_(1-90 min), area under the plasma concentration time curve from time 1 min to 90 min after baseline subtraction; NC, not calculated due to pre-dose concentration higher than post-dose concentration of failed to establish elimination phase. ^(b)Values were obtained from NCA by WinNonlin (Build 8.1.0.3530)

In Table 16, plasma concentration vs. time data were first averaged for all animals within the same group and then PK measurements were obtained from the averaged data. As compared to values reported in Tables 14 and 15 where individual T_(max) varied from one animal to another, this resulted in different T_(max) and C_(max) values between the two types of analyses (Tables 14/15 vs Table 16). AUC, on the other hand, remained essentially same for both of these analyses.

In the congestion model (Table 16), the T_(max) was 1 min vs 90 min for the congested dogs vs the saline dogs, respectively. The C_(max) was 2.9 ng/mL vs 1.2 ng/mL for the congested dogs vs the saline dogs, respectively. Finally, the AUC was 117 ng/mL-min vs 60 ng/mL-min for the congested dogs vs the saline dogs, respectively. For all of these aforementioned values, an IN dose of epinephrine at 4 mg/100 μL was administered to the same nostril where either histamine (congested dogs) or saline (control) was previously administered. Clearly, the epinephrine when delivered intranasally to the congested dogs was absorbed faster, leading to higher plasma levels as compared to dogs with no congestion that received saline alone. This was an unexpected and surprising result since the assumption would be that dogs with congestion would have constricted nasal passageways that reduce absorption efficiency. Upon further investigation, it is noted that Bleske et al. demonstrated in dogs that epinephrine plasma levels, following intranasal administration, were enhanced by the concomitant intranasal administration of the alpha blocker, phentolamine. The explanation was that phentolamine prevented the epinephrine induced vasoconstriction thus increasing the mucosal absorption of epinephrine. Nasal congestion associated with allergy is due to the release of histamine from mast cells which causes a profound vasodilation in the nasal tissue. Therefore, it is likely that the histamine induced vasodilation offset the vasoconstrictive properties of the intranasal epinephrine resulting in enhanced absorption. Finally, there was a difference in heart rate levels in the congested, epinephrine administered dogs as compared to the saline epinephrine administration where the heart rates were clearly elevated, due to increased plasma epinephrine levels in the congested dogs versus the saline administered dogs.

To determine if nasal congestion affects the systemic absorption of IN administered epinephrine, Student's t-test was first used to compare AUC, T_(max) and C_(max) between two study groups (FIGS. 11A-11C). The Group 1 and Group 2 AUC and C_(max) were not significantly different whereas the T_(max) of the Group 1 animals was significantly lower than that of the Group 2 animals.

Furthermore, bioequivalence was assessed using Ln-transformed AUC, C_(max) and T_(max) of individual animals (Table 17). Bioequivalence is defined as when the 90% confidence intervals [CI] of the geometric mean ratio between the test (Group 1—Congestion) and reference (Group 2—Saline) fall within 80-125%. Results show that intranasal (IN) administered epinephrine does not demonstrate bioequivalence between Group 1 and Group 2 animals, as ratios deviate from 100% and CI (90%) values fall well outside of the 80-125% range. In addition, bioequivalence analysis indicates that the study is under-powered (Power<80%), likely due to large inter-individual variability and small number of animals in each group.

TABLE 17 Bioequivalence analysis of epinephrine after a single IN dose to saline (reference) and congestion (test) dogs NCA PK Ratio of Power of geometric mean Study at 20% Parameter^(a b), unit (% of reference) 90% CI (80/20 Rule)^(b) Dose, mg per animal 4 T_(max), min 7.4 1.4-3.9 0.107 C_(max), ng/mL 217 115-408 0.151 AUC_(1-last), ng/mL · min 180 109-296 0.182 ^(a)Abbreviations: C_(max), maximum plasma concentration before baseline subtraction; T_(max), time to reach C_(max); AUC_(0-∞), area under the plasma concentration time curve from time 0 min to infinite time; CI, confidence interval. ^(b)the power to detect a difference in least square means equal to 20% of the reference least squares mean and the desired result is that the power is greater than 0.8 or 80%.

Blood samples were collected up to 35 min prior to and up to 90 min post drug administration to determine epinephrine plasma concentrations (see Table 18). The results show that a spike in epinephrine plasma concentration was often achieved within 1 or 5 minutes of intranasal administration.

TABLE 18 Epinephrine plasma concentration. Collection Determined Dose Amount Time Matrix Conc. Animal ID Sex (mg) (min) (ng/mL) CVL M 4 Pre 35 0.148 CVL M 4 Pre 25 0.192 CVL M 4 Pre 5  0.347 CVL M 4 1 7.469 CVL M 4 5 5.314 CVL M 4 10 1.595 CVL M 4 15 1.192 CVL M 4 20 0.883 CVL M 4 25 0.786 CVL M 4 30 1.139 CVL M 4 60 1.076 CVL M 4 90 0.96  CWZ M 4 Pre 35 ND CWZ M 4 Pre 25 0.139 CWZ M 4 Pre 5  0.161 CWZ M 4 1 3.002 CWZ M 4 5 1.137 CWZ M 4 10 0.843 CWZ M 4 15 0.773 CWZ M 4 20 1.092 CWZ M 4 25 1.213 CWZ M 4 30 0.852 CWZ M 4 60 0.74  CWZ M 4 90 0.83  CWT M 4 Pre 35 ND CWT M 4 Pre 25 0.125 CWT M 4 Pre 5  0.493 CWT M 4 1 1.153 CWT M 4 5 2.465 CWT M 4 10 0.976 CWT M 4 15 1.091 CWT M 4 20 1.211 CWT M 4 25 1.378 CWT M 4 30 1.387 CWT M 4 60 1.605 CWT M 4 90 1.663 BCHG F 4 Pre 35 0.147 BCHG F 4 Pre 25 0.147 BCHG F 4 Pre 5  0.144 BCHG F 4 1 1.507 BCHG F 4 5 0.736 BCHG F 4 10 0.405 BCHG F 4 15 0.697 BCHG F 4 20 0.718 BCHG F 4 25 0.503 BCHG F 4 30 0.445 BCHG F 4 60 0.527 BCHG F 4 90 0.846 CBC F 4 Pre 35 ND CBC F 4 Pre 25 ND CBC F 4 Pre 5  ND CBC F 4 1 2.171 CBC F 4 5 1.459 CBC F 4 10 1.81  CBC F 4 15 1.833 CBC F 4 20 1.731 CBC F 4 25 3.385 CBC F 4 30 1.926 CBC F 4 60 1.839 CBC F 4 90 3.313 CIH F 4 Pre 35 ND CIH F 4 Pre 25 ND CIH F 4 Pre 5  ND CIH F 4 1 2.801 CIH F 4 5 3.969 CIH F 4 10 1.014 CIH F 4 15 1.099 CIH F 4 20 1.144 CIH F 4 25 1.04  CIH F 4 30 1.694 CIH F 4 60 2.356 CIH F 4 90 2.439 CWP F 4 Pre 35 ND CWP F 4 Pre 25 ND CWP F 4 Pre 5  0.125 CWP F 4 1 0.575 CWP F 4 5 0.512 CWP F 4 10 0.385 CWP F 4 15 0.686 CWP F 4 20 0.721 CWP F 4 25 0.463 CWP F 4 30 0.415 CWP F 4 60 0.682 CWP F 4 90 1.067 CFI F 4 Pre 35 0.263 CFI F 4 Pre 25 0.418 CFI F 4 Pre 5  0.327 CFI F 4 1 0.407 CFI F 4 5 0.545 CFI F 4 10 0.427 CFI F 4 15 0.44  CFI F 4 20 0.453 CFI F 4 25 0.5  CFI F 4 30 0.799 CFI F 4 60 0.642 CFI F 4 90 1.141 CSW F 4 Pre 35 0.147 CSW F 4 Pre 25 0.127 CSW F 4 Pre 5  0.166 CSW F 4 1 0.577 CSW F 4 5 0.82  CSW F 4 10 0.927 CSW F 4 15 0.761 CSW F 4 20 0.922 CSW F 4 25 0.867 CSW F 4 30 1.133 CSW F 4 60 1.202 CSW F 4 90 1.166 CXU M 4 Pre 35 0.461 CXU M 4 Pre 25 ND CXU M 4 Pre 5  ND CXU M 4 1 5.229 CXU M 4 5 3.036 CXU M 4 10 1.009 CXU M 4 15 0.787 CXU M 4 20 0.856 CXU M 4 25 0.906 CXU M 4 30 0.703 CXU M 4 60 0.801 CXU M 4 90 1.969 CUU M 4 Pre 35 ND CUU M 4 Pre 25 0.263 CUU M 4 Pre 5  0.317 CUU M 4 1 0.32  CUU M 4 5 0.434 CUU M 4 10 0.662 CUU M 4 15 0.749 CUU M 4 20 0.789 CUU M 4 25 0.881 CUU M 4 30 0.9  CUU M 4 60 1.222 CUU M 4 90 1.729 CYA M 4 Pre 35 ND CYA M 4 Pre 25 0.234 CYA M 4 Pre 5  0.732 CYA M 4 1 0.433 CYA M 4 5 0.903 CYA M 4 10 0.422 CYA M 4 15 0.872 CYA M 4 20 0.917 CYA M 4 25 0.781 CYA M 4 30 0.9  CYA M 4 60 1.125 CYA M 4 90 1.92 

Example 10: Assessment of Whether Epinephrine Crosses the Blood Brain Barrier

Pre- and post-IN epinephrine (4 mg/0.1 mL IN) samples of plasma and CSF were collected at just prior to pre-dose (0 min) and 15 min post-dose for the study in Example 9. Blood samples were processed to plasma; plasma and CSF samples were stabilized. Samples were assayed for epinephrine levels.

As shown in FIG. 12 , pre- and post-dose plasma levels of epinephrine were at a pre-dose average of 0.214 ng/mL and at 15 min post-epinephrine levels were 1.123 ng/mL. For both pre- and post-dose time points, no epinephrine was detected in CSF (see Table 19).

TABLE 19 Epinephrine blood plasma concentration. Collection Matrix Dose Amount Time and Concentration Animal ID Sex (mg) Type (ng/mL) CVX M 4 Pre-CSF ND CVX M 4 15 min CSF ND CVX M 4 Pre-Plasma 0.360 CVX M 4 15 min Plasma 1.060 CWD M 4 Pre-CSF ND CWD M 4 15 min CSF ND CWD M 4 Pre-Plasma 0.276 CWD M 4 15 min Plasma 0.369 CWP F 4 Pre-CSF ND CWP F 4 15 min CSF ND CWP F 4 Pre-Plasma 0.218 CWP F 4 15 min Plasma 2.151 BCHG F 4 Pre-CSF ND BCHG F 4 15 min CSF ND BCHG F 4 Pre-Plasma ND BCHG F 4 15 min Plasma 0.910

The IN administration of epinephrine to dogs did not result in detection of epinephrine in CSF samples at 15 min post-dose administration, while plasma levels did increase at this same time point. Therefore, IN administration of epinephrine to dogs does not result in epinephrine crossing the blood brain barrier.

Example 11—a GLP Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Intranasal Application Vs Current Therapeutic Approach in Beagle Dogs

In this GLP study, which was based on previous studies that optimized the pharmacokinetics (PK) of intranasal epinephrine in terms of delivery and dose selection, the down-selected dose was tested for a PK assessment as a primary endpoint in dogs with heart rate also assessed to demonstrate the effect of epinephrine on the cardiovascular system.

The epinephrine formulation was composed of sterile injection water containing 5 mg/mL of Na metabisulfite, 40 mg/10 mL of sodium chloride, 0.7% Trisodium citrate, 0.1% hypromellose, 0.2% chlorobutanol and 1% Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether with a final pH of 5.0±0.5. Epinephrine was included at the concentrations as shown in Table 20. For information regarding vendor, lot number, and final concentration of each chemical in the formulated test formulation, see Table 20.

TABLE 20 Chemicals Used in Test Formulation Compound Vendor Lot Number Final Concentration (−) Epinephrine Spectrum 2HD0281 4 mg/100 μl (Group 1) 5 mg/100 μl (Group 2) Sodium Chloride Spectrum 1FIO675  0.4 mg/100 μL Sodium Metabisulfite Spectrum 1GC1002 0.05 mg/100 μL Trisodium citrate Sigma BCBV1682 0.7% Hypromellose Sigma SLBR5196V 0.1% Diethylene glycol Sigma O4508HEV   1% monoethyl ether Chlorobutanol Spectrum 1FF0469 0.2% Hydrochloric Acid Spectrum 2GJ0228 NA Sterile water for Spectrum A1705131 NA Injection

Two dosing concentrations (4 mg/100 μL and 5 mg/100 μL) were formulated 2 times during the course of this study. Complete information regarding the date of formulation, batch ID associated with each formulated test article, amount of epinephrine (grams) used in each formulation, and the final pH of each formulated test article used for dose administration are included in Table 21.

TABLE 21 Test Article Formulation Batches Dose Dose Concen- Amount of Concen- Date of tration Epineph- Final Study tration Formulation (Pre-dose) rine used pH Day (Post-Dose) Aug. 21, 4.4 mg/100 μL 0.8008 g 5.207 16-17 4.4 mg/100 μL 2018 Aug. 21, 5.4 mg/100 μL 1.0033 g 5.202 16-17 5.4 mg/100 μL 2018 Aug. 31, 4.1 mg/100 μL 0.8004 g 4.729 29-30 4.0 mg/100 μL 2018 Aug. 31, 5.3 mg/100 μL 1.0010 g 4.814 29-30 5.1 mg/100 μL 2018

The EpiPen® Auto-Injector 0.3 mg (Mylan Specialty, L.P., USP Grade) was utilized as a control article in this study. Individual EpiPens® were procured from local pharmacies and stored at room temperature (20°-25° C.) protected from light.

A total of 48 dogs participated in this study with 16 dogs (8/sex) per treatment group. Table 22 outlines the study design.

TABLE 22 Study Design Epinephrine (mg) Administration Sex Group Total Route Male Female 1 4 mg in 100 μl IN via pipette tip into 8 8 volume of vehicle the right nostril 2 5 mg in 100 μl IN via pipette tip into 8 8 volume of vehicle the right nostril 3 0.3 mg in 0.3 mL IM single injection to 8 8 (EpiPen ® Adult) thigh muscle

Two dogs/sex/group received a single administration of either IN epinephrine at 4 mg or 5 mg (Groups 1 and 2) or a single EpiPen® IM injection (Group 3) on Study Days 0, 1, 16, and 17. Note that individual dogs within each group were only dosed a single time during the course of this study.

Telemetry measurements were collected from all animals during the treatment phase of this study. Prior to dose administration, telemetric collection jackets were placed on animals. Data collection points occurred 60 min prior to dose administration (baseline) through the 120 minute endpoint for a total collection time of 180 min. The parameters that were evaluated included: EKG (PR, QRS, QT, and RR; a continuous collection). Heart rate values were collected prior to dose administration at 60, 12, and 2-3 minutes before epinephrine administration and at the following intervals post-epinephrine administration: 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. A six second EKG was reported at the C_(max) for epinephrine for each dog to evaluate the EKG parameters listed above.

Approximately 2 mL of whole blood was collected at the following time points: prior to dosing (60, mins, 15 mins, 2-3 mins pre-dose) and at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60, 90, and 120 mins post-dose administration (±10% of target time point).

Prior to PK data analysis, the three prior to dosing time points (60 mins, 15 mins, 2-3 mins pre-dose) epinephrine plasma values for each dog were averaged, then this average subtracted from the post-dose epinephrine plasma values reported at time points 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mins post-dose administration for all animals on study. Should one or more of the pre-dose samples fall beneath the limit of quantification (BLQ), the mean of the remaining quantifiable values was used for baseline correction. If all three pre-dose samples fell under the limit of detection (i.e., values not determined), no baseline correction was performed on the post-dose samples. If, after baseline correction, the post-dose values are negative (i.e., >0) these values were changed to 0 for subsequent PK analysis.

Pharmacokinetic (PK) data analysis and evaluation of plasma concentration-time curves was performed. Individual epinephrine plasma concentration time profiles from epinephrine treated animals were analyzed using model-independent methods. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained for each animal following a single intranasal administration of epinephrine to animals in Groups 1 and 2 or following a single IM injection of epinephrine to animals in Group 3. Concentrations less than the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ<0.4 ng/mL) were set to 0 for pharmacokinetic analysis.

For each animal, the following pharmacokinetic parameters were determined: maximum observed plasma concentration (C_(max)), time of maximum observed plasma concentration (T_(max)), and area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC). The AUC from time 0 to 120 minutes (AUC_(0-120min)) and the AUC from time 0 to infinity (AUC_(INF)) were calculated by the linear trapezoidal method for all animals with at least 3 consecutive quantifiable concentrations. For Day 1, 0 was used as an estimate of the 0 hr concentration. Half-life values (T_(1/2)) were reported for each plasma concentration time profile that had sufficient plasma concentrations in the terminal elimination phase (at least 3 samples not including T_(max)), an adjusted R² of ≥0.9, and were determined from at least 3 half-lives of data. Additional pharmacokinetic parameters calculated were clearance divided by fraction of dose absorbed (Cl/F), volume of distribution divided by the fraction of dose absorbed (Vz/F), and mean residence time (MRTlast). The female to male exposure ratio (F:M) was calculated for each dose group using the following formula:

F:M=Mean AUC _(0-120minFemale)÷Mean AUC _(0-120minMale)

The % AUC extrapolated (% AUCExtrap) was calculated as: % AUCExtrap=[(AUC_(INF)−AUC_(Tlast))/AUC_(INF)]×100

Group 1—4 mg IN Epinephrine

Test formulation-related increases in heart rate were observed following intranasal (IN) administration of Epinephrine (4 mg) on Study Day (SD) 0-1 and SD 16-17. All animals were administered IN Epinephrine (4 mg, 100 μL) via a cannula. The mean heart rate through time of all animals dosed with 4 mg epinephrine is provided in FIG. 13 .

On SD 16-17, heart rates increased following dose administration with the max heart rate measurement (181 bpm) occurring 25 m post-dose. At 120 min post-dose the heart rate of 2 animals had returned to a normal baseline range while the heart rates of the remaining 6 animals remained elevated (Table 23).

On SD 29-30, heart rates increased following dose administration with the max heart rate measurement (226 bpm) occurring 15 min post-dose. At 120 min post-dose the heart rate of seven dogs had returned to a normal baseline range while the heart rate of one animal remained elevated slightly above the baseline value (Table 23).

TABLE 23 Individual and Mean Heart Rate of Dogs in Group 1-4 mg IN Epinephrine Individual and Mean Heart Rates (bpm) - 4 mg IN Epinephrine Study Days 16-17 Time CVR CLB CWB CNB CWD CXX CWZ CYN Mean −60 137 155 111 146 90 154 134 109 130 −12 117 135 117 154 160 139 129 106 132 −2 102 152 81 151 108 170 119 92 122 1 106 144 166 156 85 135 125 115 129 5 157 137 105 156 125 144 136 119 135 10 116 158 123 164 116 151 122 126 135 15 124 163 117 143 129 131 130 99 130 20 137 146 98 130 76 142 128 114 121 25 120 174 87 145 126 181 118 132 135 30 122 157 83 158 115 138 137 153 133 60 171 159 119 122 153 127 153 117 140 90 97 157 112 155 105 135 124 127 127 120 74 129 140 139 108 121 150 141 125 Study Days 29-30 Time CGR ACHG CPK CBC CUD CFU CUE CJE Mean −60 181 92 106 131 106 132 111 135 124 −12 139 141 130 141 109 95 83 138 122 −2 117 99 98 123 135 95 57 103 103 1 132 125 120 126 142 114 119 128 126 5 122 126 113 135 158 105 154 118 129 10 182 156 113 146 97 95 119 130 130 15 226 100 101 138 134 103 65 135 125 20 116 122 118 129 168 72 77 126 116 25 119 120 112 139 144 76 73 121 113 30 150 134 112 140 162 112 86 114 126 60 114 122 94 137 98 125 93 128 114 90 222 99 91 131 86 85 67 99 110 120 89 100 88 125 76 71 70 97 90

Group 2—5 mg IN Epinephrine

Test article-related increases in heart rate were observed following intranasal (IN) administration of Epinephrine (5 mg) on Study Day (SD) 0-1 and SD 16-17. All animals were administered IN Epinephrine (5 mg, 100 μL) via a cannula. The mean heart rate through time of all animals dosed with 5 mg epinephrine is provided in FIG. 14 .

On SD 16-17, heart rates increased following dose administration with the max heart rate measurement (174 bpm) occurring 60 min post-dose. At 90 min post-dose the heart rates of all 8 animals had returned to a normal baseline range (Table 24).

On SD 29-30, heart rates increased following dose administration with the max heart rate measurement (220 bpm) occurring 1 min post-dose. At 120 min post-dose the heart rates of five animals had returned to a normal baseline range while the heart rates of three animals remained elevated above the normal baseline range (Table 24).

TABLE 24 Individual and Mean Heart Rate of Dogs in Group 2-5 mg IN Epinephrine Individual and Mean Heart Rates (bpm)-5 mg IN Epinephrine Study Days 16-17 Min CVL CSW CVX CTZ CWT CWF CXV CGF Mean −60 93 128 138 158 103 112 119 149 125 −12 163 118 129 152 104 145 116 124 131 −2 65 128 73 145 86 133 104 124 107 1 121 126 120 151 129 113 100 137 125 5 146 141 88 132 111 131 129 146 128 10 145 130 128 144 105 130 123 128 129 15 135 132 140 147 95 140 122 113 128 20 147 145 122 129 137 124 130 137 134 25 115 139 121 139 124 109 138 135 128 30 168 128 125 123 128 101 118 136 128 60 174 133 149 134 139 102 124 128 135 90 120 109 105 118 113 120 90 117 112 120 92 108 125 113 84 105 116 109 107 Study Days 29-30 Time CNE BCHG CRA CTZ CUF CIH CUU CRF Mean −60 146 108 127 142 85 133 122 116 122 −12 126 132 135 137 96 116 115 151 126 −2 126 72 127 110 84 133 99 122 109 1 181 140 220 119 91 122 102 142 140 5 172 109 153 123 103 173 113 119 133 10 144 109 143 125 113 156 106 118 127 15 125 113 160 114 111 130 109 124 123 20 125 100 149 127 101 114 106 149 121 25 129 84 142 117 98 130 104 119 115 30 113 133 155 120 116 133 103 112 123 60 130 92 122 97 108 127 86 96 107 90 106 92 124 128 73 140 133 127 115 120 105 90 125 129 63 116 88 142 107

Group—EpiPen® 0.3 mg IM Injection

Intramuscular (IM) injection of EpiPen® 0.3 mg resulted in overall increased heart rates in all animals. All animals were administered an EpiPen® 0.3 mg IM injection on the right hind leg. The mean heart rate through time of all animals dosed with EpiPen® Adult is provided in FIG. 15 .

On SD 16-17, heart rates increased following dose administration with the max heart rate measurement (222 bpm) occurring 20 min post-dose. Consistent with results from SD 0-1, the heart rates of all eight dogs remained elevated above the normal baseline range at 120 min post dose administration (Table 25).

On SD 29-30, heart rates increased following dose administration with the max heart rate measurement (222 bpm) occurring 20 min post-dose. Consistent with results from SD 0-1, the heart rates of all eight dogs remained elevated above the normal baseline range at 120 min post dose administration (Table 25).

TABLE 25 Individual and Mean Heart Rate of Dogs in Group 3 - EpiPen ® 0.3 mg Injection Individual and Mean Heart Rates (bpm) - EpiPen ® 0.3 mg Injection Study Days 16-17 Min CWU CHT CXU CLZ CYA CPL CYR CPN Mean −60 112 122 121 117 152 106 106 110 118 −12 124 87 100 87 107 109 153 149 115 −2 105 145 123 111 135 83 85 107 112 1 123 194 143 147 157 133 174 108 147 5 142 144 144 103 172 137 148 112 138 10 182 137 157 127 124 153 112 147 142 15 169 148 127 121 101 153 119 124 133 20 222 145 158 107 157 153 179 151 159 25 212 167 142 120 144 156 157 134 154 30 205 144 190 154 131 191 147 176 167 60 160 186 211 144 148 180 188 162 172 90 151 173 199 204 159 178 165 151 173 120 163 151 193 123 153 167 151 145 156 Study Days 29-30 Time CPJ CBE CTE CEU CUT CFI CUZ CGV Mean −60 61 113 124 103 66 73 80 84 88 −12 71 130 127 113 70 120 112 82 103 −2 121 108 108 98 74 73 96 91 96 1 104 156 127 125 94 151 107 89 119 5 115 132 107 113 86 162 110 109 117 10 103 131 138 116 178 107 161 103 130 15 142 131 136 137 134 184 93 103 133 20 166 136 138 139 163 124 108 118 137 25 165 139 140 146 155 113 98 111 133 30 179 175 122 142 192 130 110 125 147 60 154 173 130 179 201 148 129 146 158 90 155 182 151 173 189 179 144 125 162 120 155 182 114 151 162 132 154 133 148

Pharmacokinetic Analysis

All epinephrine plasma concentrations were baseline corrected for endogenous epinephrine levels using the mean predose concentrations; therefore, the following discussion of epinephrine systemic exposure is based on the data in excess of endogenous levels.

Systemic exposure to epinephrine was independent of sex. There were no consistent differences in individual plasma concentration time profiles, C_(max) and AUC values between males and females (the F:M AUC_(0-24hr) ratios following intranasal administration were 0.711 and 1.20 for Groups 1 and 2, respectively, and the F:M AUC_(0-24hr) ratio following intramuscular administration was 1.27 for Group 3); therefore, the following discussion is based on data for males and females combined.

The variability in mean epinephrine plasma concentrations, as measured by CV values, ranged from 53.4% to 170% following a single IN administration of epinephrine to dogs in Groups 1 and 2 and from 48.7% to 174% following a single IM injection of 0.3 mg epinephrine to dogs in Group 3. Epinephrine was quantifiable up to 120 minutes post-dose for Group 1 (4 mg), up to 30 or 120 minutes post-dose for Group 2 (5 mg), and up to 120 minutes post-dose for Group 3 (0.3 mg). Individual peak epinephrine plasma concentrations were observed between 1 and 30 minutes post-dose for Group 1 (4 mg), between 1 and 90 minutes post-dose for Group 2 (5 mg), and between 5 and 60 minutes post-dose for Group 3 (0.3 mg).

Following a single IN administration of epinephrine to dogs, mean C_(max) and AUC_(0-120min) values for epinephrine increased slightly with increasing dose from 4 to 5 mg. A 1.25-fold increase in epinephrine dose resulted in an approximate 1.22-fold increase in mean epinephrine C_(max) values (2.48 and 3.01 ng/mL at 4 and 5 mg, respectively) and an approximate 1.09-fold increase in mean epinephrine AUC_(0-120min) values (75.0 and 81.8 min*ng/mL at 4 and 5 mg, respectively). Following a single IM injection of 0.3 mg epinephrine to dogs, mean C_(max) and AUC_(0-120min) values for epinephrine were 2.76 ng/mL and 110 min*ng/mL, respectively.

Mean MRT_(last) values for epinephrine following IN administration were 51.1 and 53.9 minutes at 4 and 5 mg, respectively. The mean MRT_(last) value for epinephrine following IM injection was 50.4 minutes. A complete summary of the pharmacokinetic aforementioned pharmacokinetic parameters are provided in Table 26.

Overall, the individual plasma concentration-time profiles were generally similar between animals treated with epinephrine via IN administration when compared to animals treated with epinephrine via IM injection (FIG. 16 ).

TABLE 26 Epinephrine Pharmacokinetic Parameters Following a Single IN Administration of 4 or 5 mg Epinephrine or a Single IM Injection of 0.3 mg Epinephrine to Dogs (Males and Females Combined) Dose C_(max) C_(max)/Dose T_(max) ^(a) T_(last) ^(a) AUC_(0-120 min) AUC_(0-120 min)/Dose MRT_(last) Group Route (mg) Statistic (ng/mL) (ng/mL/mg) (min) (min) (min*ng/mL) (min*ng/mL/mg) (min) 1 IN 4 N 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 Mean 2.48 0.619 20 120  75.0 18.7 51.1 SD 2.27 0.568 (1-30) (120-120) 53.8 13.5 11.3 CV % 91.7 91.7 NA NA 71.8 71.8 22.2 2 IN 5 N 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 Mean 3.01 0.602 15 120  81.8 16.4 53.9 SD 2.96 0.592 (1-90)  (30-120) 46.3 9.26 12.9 CV % 98.3 98.3 NA NA 56.6 56.6 23.8 3 IM 0.3 N 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 Mean 2.76 9.22 25 120  110 365 50.4 SD 2.78 9.25 (5-60) (120-120) 42.1 140 9.39 CV % 100 100 NA NA 38.4 38.4 18.6 NA—Not applicable. ^(a)Median (minimum-maximum), median value only reported if actual collection interval.

Three groups of 8 male and 8 female Beagle dogs each were administered 4 mg/100 μL IN epinephrine to the right nostril (Group 1), 5 mg/100 μL IN epinephrine to the right nostril (Group 2), or 0.3 mg in 0.3 mL EpiPen® (adult) IM to the thigh muscle (Group 3), followed by timed blood draws for this PK study. Additionally, dogs were telemetrized to monitor their heart rate pre- and post-dose administration.

Heart rate data was comparable in the 4 and 5 mg IN Group 1 and 2 (respectively) dogs with an increase in mean heart rate occurring at approximately 5-10 min post-dose in Group 1 dogs and at approximately 1 min post-dose in Group 2 dogs. The peak increase in mean heart rate was 132 bpm at 10 min and 132 bpm at 1 min post-IN administration for Group 1 and 2 dogs, respectively. The heart rate in the Group 3 EpiPen® administered dogs began to increase at 1 min post-dose with a peak increase in mean heart rate (167 bpm) occurring at approximately 90 min post-dose administration.

Systemic exposure to epinephrine was independent of sex. Individual peak epinephrine plasma concentrations were observed between 1 and 30 minutes post-dose for Group 1 (4 mg), between 1 and 90 minutes post-dose for Group 2 (5 mg), and between 5 and 60 minutes post-dose for Group 3 (0.3 mg). Following a single IN administration of epinephrine to dogs, mean C_(max) and AUC_(0-120min) values for epinephrine increased slightly with increasing dose from 4 to 5 mg. A 1.25-fold increase in epinephrine dose resulted in an approximate 1.22-fold increase in mean epinephrine C_(max) values (2.48 and 3.01 ng/mL at 4 and 5 mg, respectively) and an approximate 1.09-fold increase in mean epinephrine AUC_(0-120min) values (75.0 and 81.8 min*ng/mL at 4 and 5 mg, respectively). Following a single IM injection of 0.3 mg epinephrine to dogs, mean C_(max) and AUC_(0-120min) values for epinephrine were 2.76 ng/mL and 110 min*ng/mL, respectively.

Mean MRT_(last) values for epinephrine following IN administration were 51.1 and 53.9 minutes at 4 and 5 mg, respectively. The mean MRT_(last) value for epinephrine following IM injection was 50.4 minutes.

Overall, the individual plasma concentration-time profiles were generally similar between animals treated with epinephrine via IN administration when compared to animals treated with epinephrine via IM injection.

Example 12—Dose Administration of Epinephrine Via One or Two Nostrils

This study investigated intranasal administration of Epinephrine in a Beagle dogs to evaluate if one or two nostril administrations of epinephrine produces the optimal plasma levels.

The epinephrine formulation used is defined in Table 27. The study consisted of three male and three female beagle dogs per group (Table 28). Groups 1-4 were administered epinephrine through a 100 μl intranasal device intranasally. Following dose administration, all animals had serial blood samples collected for pharmacokinetic analysis.

TABLE 27 Test Article Formulation Final Compound Concentration Final pH Epinephrine  5 mg/100 μl 5.35 Sodium Chloride 0.4 mg/100 μl Sodium 0.05 mg/100 μl  Metabisulfite Trisodium citrate 0.7% Hypromellose 0.1% Diethylene glycol   1% monoethyl ether Epinephrine  10 mg/100 μl 4.90 Sodium Chloride 0.4 mg/100 μl Sodium 0.05 mg/100 μl  Metabisulfite Trisodium citrate 0.7% Hypromellose 0.1% Diethylene glycol   1% monoethyl ether

TABLE 28 Study Design Total Dose Level Dose Nostril (mg) of Volume Adminis- Groups Epinephrine (μl) tration Males Females 1  5 100 One 3^(a) 3^(a) 2 10 (two nostrils 100 Both 3^(b) 3^(b) with 5 mg/nostril) 3 10 100 One 3^(a) 3^(a)  4^(c) 20 (two nostrils 100 Both 3^(b) 3^(b) with 10 mg/nostril)

264 PK samples total from Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using a C18-PFP column. LC-MS/MS analysis was performed in positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) ionization.

Epinephrine plasma concentrations were baseline-subtracted using average concentrations of the three pre-dose samples. If baseline-subtraction resulted in negative values, these samples were assigned a value of zero. In some cases (e.g., low dose groups 1 and 3), post-dose epinephrine concentrations of several animals were all below pre-dose baseline concentrations. In addition, epinephrine concentrations were considered as outliers if they exceeded two times standard deviation from the mean of baseline-subtracted post-dose epinephrine plasma concentrations of each animal over the course of blood sampling (i.e., 1-90 min post-dose).

AUC, Tmax and Cmax were calculated using the trapezoid rule (GraphPad Prism 7.0c) and the post-dose baseline-subtracted outlier-removed epinephrine concentrations for each individual animal (Tables 29-32).

TABLE 29 AUC and Cmax of epinephrine in dogs from group 1 (5 mg × 1 nostril) Group 1 (5 mg × 1 nostrils) Parameter, unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average SD Dose, mg 5 5 5 5 5 5 Cmax, ng/mL NC NC 0.1 0.7 0.1 NC 0.3 0.3 Tmax, min NC NC 90 90 7 NC 62 48 AUC1-90 min, NC NC 2 13 6 NC 7 6 ng/mL*min

TABLE 30 AUC and Cmax of epinephrine in dogs from group 2 (5 mg × 2 nostril) Group 2 (5 mg × 2 nostrils) Parameter, unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average SD Dose, mg 10 10 10 10 10 10 Cmax, ng/mL 1.4 1.7 4.2 2 4.7 0.3 2.4 1.7 Tmax, min 15 10 90 22 5 30 29 31 AUC1-90 min, 23 38 117 76 166 5 71 62 ng/mL*min

TABLE 31 AUC and Cmax of epinephrine in dogs from group 3 (10 mg × 1 nostril) Group 3 (10 mg × 1 nostrils) Parameter, unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average SD Dose, mg 10 10 10 10 10 10 Cmax, ng/mL NC NC 8.7 0.8 NC NC 4.8 5.6 Tmax, min NC NC 12 85 NC NC 51 54 AUC1-90 min, NC NC 378 20 NC NC 199 253 ng/mL*min

TABLE 32 AUC and Cmax of epinephrine in dogs from group 4 (10 mg × 2 nostril) Group 4 (10 mg × 2 nostrils) Parameter, Aver- unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 age SD Dose, mg 20 20 20 20 20 20 Cmax, ng/mL 2.8 3.1 2.5 2 6.7 3.4 3.4 1.7 Tmax, min 60 15 10 90 63 90 55 35 AUC1-90 min, 178 96 80 62 241 151 135 68 ng/mL*min

Example 13—an Intranasal and Intramuscular Dose Range-Finding Administration of Epinephrine in Beagle Dogs

This study investigated intranasal administration of Epinephrine at various dose levels in a Beagle dogs. In addition, the Adult and JR Epi-Pens were administered via intramuscular injection to provide pharmacokinetic profiles for comparison.

The epinephrine formulation used is defined in Table 33. The study consisted of three male and three female beagle dogs per group (Table 34). Groups 1-4 were administered 100 μl of epinephrine at varying concentrations. Dose formulation was administered intranasally using a cannula. Groups 5 and 6 were administered epinephrine via intramuscular injection using and Adult EpiPen or Jr. EpiPen, respectively. Following dose administration, all animals had serial blood samples collected.

TABLE 33 Test Article Formulation Compound Final Concentration Final pH Epinephrine  5 mg/100 μl 4.94 Sodium Chloride 0.4 mg/100 μl Sodium Metabisulfite 0.05 mg/100 μl  Trisodium citrate 0.7% Hypromellose 0.1% Diethylene glycol   1% monoethyl ether Epinephrine  10 mg/100 μl 4.85 Sodium Chloride 0.4 mg/100 μl Sodium Metabisulfite 0.05 mg/100 μl  Trisodium citrate 0.7% Hypromellose 0.1% Diethylene glycol   1% monoethyl ether Epinephrine  20 mg/100 μl 4.50 Sodium Chloride 0.4 mg/100 μl Sodium Metabisulfite 0.05 mg/100 μl  Trisodium citrate 0.7% Hypromellose 0.1% Diethylene glycol   1% monoethyl ether

TABLE 34 Study Design Total Dose Level Dose Adminis- (mg) of Volume tration Groups Epinephrine (μl) Route Males Females 1 10 100 Nostril, Both 3^(a) 3^(a) 2 20 100 Nostril, One 3^(b) 3^(b) 3 5 100 Nostril, One 3^(a) 3^(a) 4 10 100 Nostril, One 3^(b) 3^(b) 5 Adult EpiPen (0.3) 300 IM 3^(a) 3^(a) 6 Jr EpiPen (0.15) 300 IM 3^(b) 3^(b)

PK samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using a C18-PFP column. LC-MS/MS analysis was performed in positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) ionization.

AUC, Tmax and Cmax were calculated using the trapezoid rule (GraphPad Prism 7.0c) and the post-dose baseline-subtracted outlier-removed epinephrine concentrations for each individual animal (Tables 35-40). For Groups 5 and 6 (EpiPen groups), AUC, Tmax and Cmax were also calculated using the post-dose baseline-subtracted epinephrine concentrations (without removing outliers) for comparison (number in parentheses in Tables 39 and 40).

TABLE 35 AUC and Cmax of epinephrine in dogs from group 1 (10 mg × 2 nostril) Group 1 (10 mg × 2 nostrils) Parameter, Aver- unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 age SD Dose, mg 20 20 20 20 20 20 Cmax, ng/mL 1.8 7.2 2.2 3.2 6.8 7.4 4.8 2.7 Tmax, min 1 5 60 60 90 90 51 40 AUC1-90 min, 59 249 72 134 284 485 214 161 ng/mL*min

TABLE 36 AUC and Cmax of epinephrine in dogs from group 2 (10 mg × 1 nostril) Parameter, Group 2 (10 mg × 1 nostrils) unit 1 2 3 4 5 N/A Average SD Dose, mg 20 20 20 20 20 Cmax, ng/mL 15.7 53 4.7 32.3 10.8 23.3 19.5 Tmax, min 5 5 1 60 5 15 25 AUC1-90 min, 769 1875 201 1700 495 1008 742 ng/mL*min

TABLE 37 AUC and Cmax of epinephrine in dogs from group 3 (5 mg × 1 nostril) Group 3 (5 mg × 1 nostrils) Parameter, Aver- unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 age SD Dose, mg 5 5 5 5 5 5 Cmax, ng/mL 1.3 3.5 2.7 6 3 4.1 3.4 1.6 Tmax, min 90 5 30 30 5 90 42 39 AUC1-90 min, 67 185 117 177 131 205 147 51 ng/mL*min

TABLE 38 AUC and Cmax of epinephrine in dogs from group 4 (10 mg × 1 nostril) Group 4 (10 mg × 1 nostrils) Parameter, Aver- unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 age SD Dose, mg 10 10 10 10 10 10 Cmax, ng/mL 4.1 13.9 5.7 10.6 17.8 2.4 9.1 6 Tmax, min 28 5 15 15 4 10 13 9 AUC1-90 min, 228 339 94 259 491 85 249 154 ng/mL*min

TABLE 39 AUC and Cmax of epinephrine in dogs from group 5 (EpiPen Adult 0.3 mg IM) Group 5 (EpiPen Adult 0.3 mg IM) Parameter, unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average SD Dose, mg 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Cmax, ng/mL 1.4 3 1.6 1.3 2.1 (4.1) 7.5 2.8 (3.1) 2.4 (2.4) Tmax, min 60 60 30 15 10 (14) 15 32 (32) 23 (22) AUC1-90 min, 94 158 101 62 111 (123) 193 120 (122) 47 (47) ng/mL*min

TABLE 40 AUC and Cmax of epinephrine in dogs from group 6 (EpiPen Junior 0.15 mg IM) Group 6 (EpiPen Junior 0.15 mg IM) Parameter, unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average SD Dose, mg 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Cmax, ng/mL 0.9 1.1 (2.5) 1.2 (3.8) 2.2 (4.6) 1.1 1.1 (3.0) 1.3 (2.7) 0.5 (1.4) Tmax, min 1  5 (10) 60 (20) 10 (5)  20 30 (20) 21 (13) 22 (9)  AUC1-90 min, 33 56 (65)  77 (101) 50 (63) 74 66 (80) 59 (69) 16 (22) ng/mL*min

Example 14—an Intranasal Low Dose Range-Finding Administration of Epinephrine in Beagle Dogs

This is a study investigating intranasal administration of Epinephrine at various dose levels and dosing intervals in Beagle dogs. This non-GLP PK study utilized the Adult EpiPen® administered via intramuscular injection to provide a pharmacokinetic profile for comparison.

The plasma levels and heart rate changes produced by intranasal administration of increasing epinephrine concentrations (2 mg/100 μL, 3 mg/100 μL, and 4 mg/100 μL) were assessed (Groups 1-3). In addition, plasma epinephrine concentrations and changes in heart rate were assessed following intranasal administration of 2 doses of epinephrine (4 mg/100 μL) in the same or opposite nostril (Group 4 and Group 8B) with a 20 minute interval between doses. Dual intramuscular injection of the EpiPen® Adult 0.3 mg with a 20 minute interval between doses was used for pharmacokinetic comparison (Group 5/8A).

Serial blood samples were collected for bioanalytical and pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis and several pre- and post-dose time points.

Part I—Assessment of Plasma Epinephrine Concentration Following 2 mg, 3 mg, and 4 mg Intranasal Epinephrine Administration

Each group in Part I of Study 4 consisted of three male and three female dogs (n=six/group). Each dog was administered one dose of epinephrine in the right nostril using a cannula. An overview of the Part I Study Design is provided in Table 41. Plasma samples were obtained at the following time points post-epinephrine administration: 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60 & 90 minutes.

TABLE 41 Study Design Epinephrine Dose Nostril (mg) Volume Admin- Admin- Group per Dose (μl) istration istration Males Females 1 2 100 One IN 3A 3A 2 3 100 One IN 3B 3B 3 4 100 One IN 3C 3C

Vehicle for the test article was composed of sterile injection water containing 5 mg/10 mL of Na metabisulfite, 40 mg/10 mL of sodium chloride, 0.7% trisodium citrate, 0.1% hypromellose, 0.2% chlorobutanol and 1% Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether with a final pH of 5.0±0.5 (see Table 42).

TABLE 42 Test Article Formulation Compound Final Concentration Final pH Epinephrine  2 mg/100 μl 5.30 Sodium Chloride 0.4 mg/100 μl Sodium Metabisulfite 0.05 mg/100 μl  Trisodium citrate 0.7% Chlorobutanol 0.2% Hypromellose 0.1% Diethylene glycol   1% monoethyl ether Epinephrine  3 mg/100 μl 5.08 Sodium Chloride 0.4 mg/100 μl Sodium Metabisulfite 0.05 mg/100 μl  Trisodium citrate 0.7% Chlorobutanol 0.2% Hypromellose 0.1% Diethylene glycol   1% monoethyl ether Epinephrine  4 mg/100 μl 5.32 Sodium Chloride 0.4 mg/100 μl Sodium Metabisulfite 0.05 mg/100 μl  Trisodium citrate 0.7% Chlorobutanol 0.2% Hypromellose 0.1% Diethylene glycol   1% monoethyl ether

Epinephrine plasma concentrations were adjusted to account for the plasma epinephrine baseline by using average concentrations of the three pre-dose samples and subtracting that value from the post-dose values for each dog. If baseline-subtraction resulted in negative values, these samples were assigned a value of zero. In addition, per the sponsor's instruction, epinephrine concentrations were considered as outliers and removed from analysis if they exceeded two times standard deviation from the mean of baseline-subtracted post-dose epinephrine plasma concentrations of each animal over the course of blood sampling (i.e., 1-90 min post-dose).

TABLE 43 AUC and Cmax of epinephrine in dogs from Group 1 Parameter, Group 1 (2 mg × 1 nostril) Aver- unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 age SD Dose, g 2 2 2 2 2 2 — — T_(max), min 1 60 90 1 60 1 36 39 C_(max), ng/mL 1.0 0.7 6.2 0.6 5.1 2.8 2.7 2.4 AUC_(1-90 min), 47 43 237 13 209 25 96 100 ng/mL · min

TABLE 44 AUC and Cmax of epinephrine in dogs from Group 2 Parameter, Group 2 (3 mg × 1 nostril) Aver- unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 age SD Dose, g 3 3 3 3 3 3 — — T_(max), min 90 5 1 15 5 5 20 35 C_(max), ng/mL 0.7 1.5 8.2 0.2 3.4 0.3 2.4 3.1 AUC_(1-90 min), 25 64 227 14 167 18 86 90 ng/mL · min

TABLE 45 AUC and Cmax of epinephrine in dogs from Group 3 Parameter^(a), Group 3 (4 mg × 1 nostril) Aver- unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 age SD Dose, g 4 4 4 4 4 4 — — T_(max), min 60 60 1 20 60 90 49 32 C_(max), ng/mL 2.9 1.7 2.1 2.2 12.2 1.4 3.7 4.2 AUC_(1-90 min), 84 112 98 88 688 59 188 246 ng/mL · min

Three doses of epinephrine, 2, 3, and 4 mg IN (100 μL volume each) were evaluated and the lowest dose compared to the PK and heart rate results of the EpiPen Jr. The Cmax of the 2, 3, and 4 were 2.7, 2.4 and 3.7 ng/mL, respectively while the AUC was 96, 86, and 188 ng/mL-min, respectively. It appears that the two lower doses of IN epinephrine exhibited similar pharmacokinetics, while the higher dose of 4 mg IN increased in a dose-dependent manner.

The 2 mg/100 μL dose, produced comparable epinephrine plasma levels to the EpiPen® Junior. Lastly, the 4 mg IN epinephrine PK results were comparable to the adult EpiPen® PK results (EpiPen® results reported in Study 3 as compared to 4 mg IN PK values from Group 3 of this report; Cmax values of 3.7 and 2.8 ng/mL and AUC of 188 and 120 ng/mL·min for the 4 mg IN vs EpiPen®, respectively). Most importantly, the 4 mg IN epinephrine resulted in an elevated plasma concentration much faster (within 1 min post-dose administration) as compared to the EpiPen IM administration, where plasma epinephrine concentrations did not begin to increase until 5-10 min post-administration.

Part II: Assessment of Plasma Epinephrine Concentration Following Repeated Intranasal Administration of 4 mg Epinephrine

This study compared the plasma levels and heart rate changes observed following a second dose of epinephrine administered either intranasally or intramuscularly 20 minutes following the first dose. One potential pitfall of repeated intranasal dosing is that the first intranasal administration may result in intense vasoconstriction of the nasal epithelium thus significantly and adversely impacting the absorption of the second dose. Therefore, this study also evaluated this possibility by administering the second intranasal dose of epinephrine in the opposite nostril. Similar to the first intranasal paradigm (2 doses, same nostril), repeated intramuscular injection of the EpiPen® was used for pharmacokinetic comparison.

Groups 4 and 5 consisted of three dogs/sex (n=six/group) while Group 8A consisted of one dog/sex (n=2 dogs) and Group 8B consisted of two dogs per sex (n=4 dogs). Each dog in Group 4 and 8B was administered two doses of epinephrine (4 mg/100 μL) with a 21 min interval between doses. All intranasal doses were administered using a cannula. Dose 1 was administered in the right nostril followed by a second intranasal dose in the right (Group 4, same nostril) or left (Group 8B, opposite nostril) nostril. Dogs in Group 5 and 8A were administered two intramuscular injections of the EpiPen® Adult (0.3 mg) with a 21 min interval between injections. Injections were administered in opposite thighs with the first dose being administered in the right thigh and the second dose being administered in the left thigh. A complete overview of the study design is provided in Table 46.

TABLE 46 Study Design Epinephrine (mg) Dose Volume Nostril Group per Dose (μl) Administration Administration Males Females 4 4 + 4 100 + 100 Twice (same nostril) IN 3 3 5 1 Adult EpiPen ® 300 + 300 — IM, one in 3 3 (0.3) + 1 Adult each thigh muscle EpiPen ® (0.3) 8A 1 Adult EpiPen ® 300 + 300 — IM, one in 1 1 (0.3) + 1 Adult each thigh muscle EpiPen ® (0.3) 8B 4 + 4 100 + 100 Twice (opposite nostril) IN 2 2

The test article used was formulated as described in Part I of this study (see Table 47). The EpiPen® Adult (0.3 mg) Auto-injector was used as a control article for pharmacokinetic comparison in this part.

TABLE 47 Test Article Formulation Compound Final Concentration Final pH Epinephrine  4 mg/100 μl 5.04² Sodium Chloride 0.4 mg/100 μl 5.18³ Sodium Metabisulfite 0.05 mg/100 μl  Trisodium citrate 0.7% Hypromellose 0.1% Diethylene glycol   1% monoethyl ether ²Formulation for Groups 4, 6, and 7 ³Formulation for Group 8B

Epinephrine plasma concentrations were adjusted for each dog's plasma epinephrine baseline by using average concentrations of the three pre-dose samples and subtracting that average from the subsequent post-dose plasma epinephrine values. If this adjustment resulted in negative values, these samples were assigned a value of zero. In addition, epinephrine concentrations were considered as outliers and removed from analysis if they exceeded two times standard deviation from the mean of baseline-subtracted post-dose epinephrine plasma concentrations of each animal over the course of blood sampling (i.e., 1-120 min post-dose).

AUC, Tmax and Cmax were calculated using the trapezoid rule (GraphPad Prism 7.0c) and post-dose baseline-subtracted outliers-removed epinephrine concentrations for each individual animal (Tables 48-50).

For Group 5/8A, the elimination phase could be defined, therefore the AUC, T_(max), C_(max), and half-life (t_(1/2)) were also calculated using NCA for comparison (AUC=740 ng/mL·min; T_(max)=30 min; C_(max)=15 ng/mL; t_(1/2)=38 min).

TABLE 48 AUC and Cmax of epinephrine in dogs from Group 5 and Group 8A Group 5 (EpiPen Adult 0.3 mg × 2 injections) Parameter, unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 CRA¹ CXX¹ Average SD Dose, g 0.3 + 0.3 + 0.3 + 0.3 + 0.3 + 0.3 + 0.3 + 0.3 + — — 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 T_(max), min 10 30 10 30 25 30 30 60 28 16 C_(max), ng/mL 17.0 22.7 9.9 27.3 54.9 24.5 3.2 5.0 20.6 16.6 AUC_(1-90 min), 713 737 785 1067 1218 1014 208 375 765 343 ng/mL · min ¹Animals run in Group 8A.

TABLE 49 AUC and Cmax of epinephrine in dogs from Group 4 Parameter, Group 4 (4 mg × 2 doses × 1 nostril) Aver- unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 age SD Dose, g 4 + 4 4 + 4 4 + 4 4 + 4 4 + 4 4 + 4 — — T_(max), min 60 10 60 5 25 25 31 24 C_(max), ng/mL 2.3 2.6 38.1 18.6 1.5 1.2 10.7 15.0 AUC_(1-90 min), 107 88 1324 811 50 62 407 537 ng/mL · min

TABLE 50 AUC and Cmax of epinephrine in dogs from Group 8B Parameter, Group 8B (4 mg × 2 doses × 2 nostrils) Aver- unit 1 2 3 4 — — age SD Dose, g 4 + 4 4 + 4 4 + 4 4 + 4 — — — — T_(max), min 90 1 25 60 — — 44 39 C_(max), ng/mL 2.6 2.7 3.1 6.5 — — 3.7 1.9 AUC_(1-90 min), 161 135 151 372 — — 205 112 ng/mL · min

The plasma levels and heart rate changes were evaluated following a second dose of epinephrine administered either intranasally (to the same nostril), intranasally (in opposite nostrils) or intramuscularly 21 minutes following the first dose. As compared to a single dose of epinephrine at 4 mg IN (see part 1 Group 3) the Cmax and AUC of the Group 4 dogs (two IN doses of epinephrine in the same nostril) was 10.7 ng/mL and 407 ng/mL·min, respectively. The two EpiPen® doses also delivered 21 min apart also resulted in higher Cmax and AUC of 20.6 ng/mL and 765 ng/mL·min as compared to a single dose.

Example 15—Stability Testing of Pharmaceutical Spray Formulations

The pharmaceutical spray formulation was quantified and monitored by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The impurities detected include epinephrine sulfonic acid, adrenochrome, norepinephrine, and adrenalone. The following Tables 51-58 show the test results for epinephrine spray formulations at varying dosages, storage temperatures, and storage lengths.

TABLE 51 20 mg/mL or 2 mg/dose pH 4.7, 0.5% Chlorobutanol at 5 C., 25 C., and 40 C. Time points (months) Specification 5 C. 25 C. 40 C. Test (Stability) T0 T = 2.27 T = 1 T = 1 pH 4.2-5.2 4.614 4.593 4.615 4.607 Osmolality 300-500 394 403 405 mOsm/kg Weight Loss Max ≤ 2.2%, 0.00% Av ≤ 1.1% Assay  95.0%-110.0% 95.85% 97.47% 96.44% 96.35% Epinephrine Sulfonic NMT 9.0% 0.46% 0.20% 1.09% 3.69% Acid Adrenochrome NMT 0.5% 0.08% 0.05% 0.11% 0.23% Norepinephrine NMT 4.0% ND ND ND ND Adrenalone NMT 3.0% ND ND ND ND Total Impurities ≤12.0% 0.60% 0.44% 1.44% 4.17% Enantiomeric Purity 99.14% 99.19% 99.01% Chlorobutanol Assay  3.94 mg/mL Sodium Metabisulfite 0.345 mg/mL 0.206 mg/mL 0.014 mg/mL Assay

TABLE 52 60 mg/mL or 6 mg/dose pH 4.7, 0.5% Chlorobutanol at 5 C., 25 C., and 40 C. Time points (months) Specification 5 C. 25 C. 40 C. Test (Stability) T0 T = 1.6 T = 1 T = 1 pH 4.2-5.2  4.644 4.649 4.622 4.585 Osmolality 600-1000 797 790 793 mOsm/kg Weight Loss Max ≤ 2.2%, Av ≤ 1.1% Assay  95.0%-110.0% 100.60% 100.80% 100.60% 98.60% Epinephrine Sulfonic NMT 3.0% 0.42% 0.20% 0.81% 1.74% Acid Adrenochrome NMT 0.2% 0.06% ND ND 0.05% Norepinephrine NMT 4.0% ND ND ND ND Adrenalone NMT 1.2% ND ND ND ND Total Impurities ≤12.0% 0.54% 0.30% 0.95% 2.38% Enantiomeric Purity 99.01% 99.77% 98.42% Chlorobutanol Assay 4.41 mg/mL Sodium Metabisulfite .019 mg/mL .013 mg/mL ND Assay

TABLE 53 20 mg/mL or 2 mg/dose pH 4.7, 0.2% Chlorobutanol at 25 C. Specification Time points (days), 25 C. Test (Stability) T0 28 56 84 pH 4.662 4.587 4.591 4.545 Osmolality 428 Assay 95.0%-110.0% 101.55% 97.58% 99.05% 98.51% Epinephrine Sulfonic NMT 3.0% 0.00% 1.05% 1.74% 2.08% Acid Adrenochrome NMT 0.5% 0.09% 0.22% 0.36% 0.53% Norepinephrine NMT 4.0% ND ND ND ND Adrenalone NMT 3.0% ND ND ND ND Total Impurities ≤12.0% 0.34% 1.70% 2.29% 3.30% Chlorobutanol Assay 1.56 mg/mL 1.46 mg/mL 1.36 mg/mL 1.37 mg/mL

TABLE 54 20 mg/mL or 2 mg/dose pH 4.7, 0.2% Chlorobutanol at 40 C. Specification Time points (days), 40 C. Test (Stability) T0 28 56 84 pH 4.662 4.556 4.537 4.474 Osmolality 428 Assay 95.0%-110.0% 101.55% 97.90% 97.31% 96.96% Epinephrine Sulfonic NMT 3.0% 0.00% 2.52% 2.65% 2.57% Acid Adrenochrome NMT 0.5% 0.09% 0.45% 0.41% 0.43% Norepinephrine NMT 4.0% ND ND ND ND Adrenalone NMT 3.0% ND ND ND 0.47% Total Impurities ≤12.0% 1.27% 3.76% 3.86% 4.41% Chlorobutanol Assay 1.56 mg/mL 1.25 mg/mL 1.16 mg/mL 1.07 mg/mL

TABLE 55 50 mg/mL or 5 mg/dose pH 4.7, 0.2% Chlorobutanol at 25 C. Specification Time points (days), 25 C. Test (Stability) T0 28 56 84 pH 4.667 4.63 4.598 4.525 Osmolality 689 Assay 95.0%-110.0% 101.69% 98.46% 98.73% 99.61% Epinephrine Sulfonic NMT 3.0% 0.29% 0.85% 1.08% 1.07% Acid Adrenochrome NMT 0.5% 0.04% 0.13% 0.17% 0.18% Norepinephrine NMT 4.0% ND ND ND ND Adrenalone NMT 3.0% ND ND ND ND Total Impurities ≤12.0% 0.47% 1.09% 1.73% 2.01% Chlorobutanol Assay 1.55 mg/mL 1.47 mg/mL 1.36 mg/mL 1.35 mg/mL

TABLE 56 50 mg/mL or 5 mg/dose pH 4.7, 0.2% Chlorobutanol at 40 C. Specification Time points (days), 40 C. Test (Stability) T0 28 56 84 pH 4.667 4.586 4.524 4.47 Osmolality 689 Assay 95.0%-110.0% 101.69% 100.14% 97.42% 98.92% Epinephrine Sulfonic NMT 3.0% 0.29% 1.19% 1.34% 1.19% Acid Adrenochrome NMT 0.5% 0.04% 0.17% 0.10% 0.15% Norepinephrine NMT 4.0% ND ND ND ND Adrenalone NMT 3.0% ND ND ND 0.05% Total Impurities ≤12.0% 0.47% 2.45% 2.54% 3.53% Chlorobutanol Assay 1.55 mg/mL 1.25 mg/mL 1.08 mg/mL 1.07 mg/mL

TABLE 57 6 mg/mL or 6 mg/dose pH 4.7, 0.2% Chlorobutanol at 25 C. Specification Time points (days), 25 C. Test (Stability) T0 28 56 84 pH 4.684 4.643 4.592 4.598 Osmolality 777 Assay 95.0%-110.0% 101.96% 99.59% 98.91% 100.95% Epinephrine Sulfonic NMT 3.0% 0.30% 0.59% 0.59% 0.60% Acid Adrenochrome NMT 0.5% 0.06% 0.13% 0.14% 0.15% Norepinephrine NMT 4.0% ND ND ND ND Adrenalone NMT 3.0% ND ND ND ND Total Impurities ≤12.0% 0.47% 1.03% 1.48% 1.75% Chlorobutanol Assay 1.42 mg/mL 1.36 mg/mL 1.25 mg/mL 1.26 mg/mL

TABLE 58 6 mg/mL or 6 mg/dose pH 4.7, 0.2% Chlorobutanol at 40 C. Specification Time points (days), 40 C. Test (Stability) T0 28 56 84 pH 4.684 4.581 4.526 4.448 Osmolality 777 Assay 95.0%-110.0% 101.96% 99.11% 98.43% 98.67% Epinephrine Sulfonic NMT 3.0% 0.30% 0.70% 0.70% 0.67% Acid Adrenochrome NMT 0.5% 0.06% 0.10% 0.10% 0.11% Norepinephrine NMT 4.0% ND ND ND ND Adrenalone NMT 3.0% ND ND ND 0.06% Total Impurities ≤12.0% 0.47% 1.97% 2.23% 3.14% Chlorobutanol Assay 1.42 mg/mL 1.21 mg/mL 1.02 mg/mL 1.01 mg/mL

Example 16—Spray Characteristics

Administration of the epinephrine spray formulation using a nasal delivery device was tested for spray characteristics including Dmax, ovality, D10, D50, D90, % volume <10 microns, and span. The results of the testing are shown in Table 59.

TABLE 59 Spray Characteristics Test Results Results Spray Pattern Epinephine 2 mg Epinephrine 5 mg (n = 5 at 30 mm) bi-dose bi-dose First Spray Shape Ellipsoidal Ellipsoidal Density Relative uniform Relative uniform density density Dmax 26.9 mm 24.0 mm Ovality 1.454 1.327 Second Spray Shape Ellipsoidal Ellipsoidal Density Relative uniform Relative uniform density density Dmax 26.2 mm 24.6 Ovality 1.378 1.377 Droplet Size Distribution (n = 5 at 30 mm) First Spray D10 21.80 microns 19.79 microns D50 53.69 microns 47.73 microns D90 126.3 microns 112.0 microns % Volume < 10 0.52% 0.75% microns Span 1.945 1.928 Second Spray D10 20.58 microns 19.92 microns D50 50.51 microns 47.82 microns D90 119.0 microns 112.0 microns % Volume < 10 0.57% 0.45% microns Span 1.941 1.925 Particulates ≥10 microns: 98 ≥10 microns: 28 particles/container particles/container ≥25 microns: 1 ≥25 microns: 1 particle/container particle/container pH 4.6 4.7 Osmolality 425 693 (mOsm/kg)

While preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the disclosure. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the disclosure described herein may be employed in practicing the disclosure. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the disclosure and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby. 

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation, comprising: (a) from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water; (b) chlorobutanol or chlorobutanol hemihydrate; (c) sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite; (d) hypromellose; (e) citric acid or citric acid monohydrate; (f) sodium chloride; and (g) diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, wherein the pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation has a weight ratio of epinephrine to chlorobutanol or chlorobutanol hemihydrate of about 12:1 to about 30:1.
 22. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 21, comprising chlorobutanol hemihydrate.
 23. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 21, comprising from about 0.01% to about 0.10% (w/w) of sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite.
 24. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 21, comprising from about 0.01% to about 0.2% (w/w) of hypromellose.
 25. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 21, comprising from about 0.10% to about 1% (w/w) of citric acid or citric acid monohydrate.
 26. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 21, comprising from about 0.10% to about 1% (w/w) of sodium chloride.
 27. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 21, comprising from about 0.1% to about 5% (w/w) of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.
 28. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 21, comprising from about 4% to about 10% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water.
 29. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 21, comprising about 2% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water.
 30. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 21, comprising about 6.5% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water.
 31. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 21, comprising about 6% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water.
 32. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 21, wherein a pH of the pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation is from about 4.0 to about 6.5.
 33. A pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation, comprising: (a) from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water; (b) from about 0.1 to about 1.0% (w/w) of chlorobutanol or chlorobutanol hemihydrate; (c) sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite; (d) hypromellose; (e) citric acid or citric acid monohydrate; (f) sodium chloride; and (g) diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, wherein the pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation has a weight ratio of epinephrine to chlorobutanol or chlorobutanol hemihydrate of about 12:1 to about 30:1.
 34. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 33, comprising from about 0.1 to about 1.0% (w/w) of chlorobutanol hemihydrate.
 35. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 33, comprising from about 0.01% to about 0.10% (w/w) of sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite.
 36. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 33, comprising from about 0.01% to about 0.2% (w/w) of hypromellose.
 37. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 33, comprising from about 0.10% to about 1% (w/w) of citric acid or citric acid monohydrate.
 38. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 33, comprising from about 0.10% to about 1% (w/w) of sodium chloride.
 39. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 33, comprising from about 0.1% to about 5% (w/w) of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.
 40. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 33, comprising from about 4% to about 10% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water.
 41. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 33, comprising about 2% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water.
 42. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 33, comprising about 6.5% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water.
 43. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 33, comprising about 6% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water.
 44. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 33, wherein the pH of the formulation is from about 4.0 to about 6.5.
 45. A pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation, comprising: (a) from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water; (b) from about 0.1 to about 1.0% (w/w) of chlorobutanol or chlorobutanol hemihydrate; (c) from about 0.010% to about 0.10% (w/w) of sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite; (d) from about 0.01% to about 0.2% (w/w) of hypromellose; (e) from about 0.10% to about 1% (w/w) of citric acid or citric acid monohydrate; (f) from about 0.1% to about 1% (w/w) of sodium chloride; and (g) from about 0.1% to about 5% (w/w) of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, wherein the pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation has a weight ratio of epinephrine to chlorobutanol or chlorobutanol hemihydrate of about 12:1 to about 30:1.
 46. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 45, comprising from about 4% to about 10% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water.
 47. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 45, comprising about 2% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water.
 48. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 45, comprising about 6.5% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water.
 49. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 45, comprising about 6% (w/w) of epinephrine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in water.
 50. The pharmaceutical nasal spray formulation of claim 45, wherein the pH of the formulation is from about 4.0 to about 6.5. 